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<p>Universal logic gates are the most essential logic gates because they enable the optimum design of numerous types of sophisticated digital logic circuits. In this article, a new and simple structure of all-optical two-input universal logic gates is proposed and designed based on a two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal. Universal logic gates (NAND, NOR) are designed on a square lattice with air holes etched in a silicon substrate. The proposed logic gate design employs the beam interference principle to operate effectively by varying the phase of light beams at a wavelength of 1550&#xa0;nm. Additionally, only one structure is used to implement the proposed universal gates with changes in the phase of the applied input signals. Simulation and design verification is done with the finite-difference time-domain approach. The proposed logic gate structure offers a high contrast ratio, transmission efficiency, and low insertion loss. The outcomes of the simulation indicate that the proposed universal optical gates are well-suited for optical integrated circuits and processors. It possesses significant advantages, including high transmission power, a modest design, and the ability to operate without the need for optical amplifiers or nonlinear materials.</p>

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Universal gate design using 2D photonic crystalfor optical integrated circuits

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月25日

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  • Poonam Jindal

摘要

Universal logic gates are the most essential logic gates because they enable the optimum design of numerous types of sophisticated digital logic circuits. In this article, a new and simple structure of all-optical two-input universal logic gates is proposed and designed based on a two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal. Universal logic gates (NAND, NOR) are designed on a square lattice with air holes etched in a silicon substrate. The proposed logic gate design employs the beam interference principle to operate effectively by varying the phase of light beams at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Additionally, only one structure is used to implement the proposed universal gates with changes in the phase of the applied input signals. Simulation and design verification is done with the finite-difference time-domain approach. The proposed logic gate structure offers a high contrast ratio, transmission efficiency, and low insertion loss. The outcomes of the simulation indicate that the proposed universal optical gates are well-suited for optical integrated circuits and processors. It possesses significant advantages, including high transmission power, a modest design, and the ability to operate without the need for optical amplifiers or nonlinear materials.