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<p>This study investigates the effect of various parameters on Lead-free, formamidinium germanium-antimony halide-based perovskite (FA<sub>4</sub>GeSbCl<sub>12</sub>) solar cells through device simulation. Specifically, adjustments were made to the doping concentration, thickness of the perovskite absorption layer, electron affinities of the electron transport medium and hole transport medium, defect density of the perovskite absorption layer and Different temperature. The simulation utilized the one-dimensional Solar Cells Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS-1D) program. The initial simulation without optimization yielded the output cell parameters: V<sub>OC</sub> = 1.12&#xa0;V, J<sub>SC</sub> = 31.13&#xa0;mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, FF = 88.89% and PCE = 31.09%, under AM1.5 simulated sunlight of 1000W/m<sup>2</sup> at 300&#xa0;K. After optimization, the thickness, electron affinity, and doping concentration of the electron transport material and hole transport material were determined to be 200&#xa0;nm, 3.75&#xa0;eV, 1.0 <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12596_2025_2599_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\times\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>×</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> 10<sup>21</sup>&#xa0;cm<sup>−3</sup>, and 10&#xa0;nm, 3.00&#xa0;eV, 1.0 <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12596_2025_2599_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\times\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>×</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> 10<sup>22</sup>&#xa0;cm<sup>−3</sup> respectively. Significant improvements in solar cell parameters were observed, with J<sub>SC</sub> of 35.03&#xa0;mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, V<sub>OC</sub> of 1.22&#xa0;V, FF of 89.91%, and PCE of 38.28%. Compared to the initial un-optimized device, these values represent approximately 1.13 times improvement in J<sub>SC</sub>, 1.23 times in PCE, 1.09 times in V<sub>OC</sub>, and 1.01 times in FF. These results underscore the potential of lead-free FA<sub>4</sub>GeSbCl<sub>12</sub> PSCs as environmentally friendly alternatives, boasting a theoretical efficiency as extraordinary as 38.28%.</p>

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Modeling and simulation of lead-free, formamidinium germanium-antimony halide (FA4GeSbCl12) based solar cell

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月16日

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  • R. K. Shukla,
  • Anchal Srivastava,
  • Navina Wadhwani,
  • Shobhit Shukla,
  • Nidhi Singh

摘要

This study investigates the effect of various parameters on Lead-free, formamidinium germanium-antimony halide-based perovskite (FA4GeSbCl12) solar cells through device simulation. Specifically, adjustments were made to the doping concentration, thickness of the perovskite absorption layer, electron affinities of the electron transport medium and hole transport medium, defect density of the perovskite absorption layer and Different temperature. The simulation utilized the one-dimensional Solar Cells Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS-1D) program. The initial simulation without optimization yielded the output cell parameters: VOC = 1.12 V, JSC = 31.13 mA/cm2, FF = 88.89% and PCE = 31.09%, under AM1.5 simulated sunlight of 1000W/m2 at 300 K. After optimization, the thickness, electron affinity, and doping concentration of the electron transport material and hole transport material were determined to be 200 nm, 3.75 eV, 1.0 \(\times\) × 1021 cm−3, and 10 nm, 3.00 eV, 1.0 \(\times\) × 1022 cm−3 respectively. Significant improvements in solar cell parameters were observed, with JSC of 35.03 mA/cm2, VOC of 1.22 V, FF of 89.91%, and PCE of 38.28%. Compared to the initial un-optimized device, these values represent approximately 1.13 times improvement in JSC, 1.23 times in PCE, 1.09 times in VOC, and 1.01 times in FF. These results underscore the potential of lead-free FA4GeSbCl12 PSCs as environmentally friendly alternatives, boasting a theoretical efficiency as extraordinary as 38.28%.