<p>This paper provides new evidence on the relationship between intrahousehold dynamics, crop productivity, food security, and dietary diversity using a nationally representative panel household dataset in Malawi. We use the Abbreviated Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (A-WEAI) indicators, complemented by intrahousehold gender gaps in plot management, access to extension services and education, and technology awareness and adoption. Results show that most farms were jointly managed by women and men, and jointness in plot management has increased over time, highlighting the critical need to examine jointness in decision-making and intrahousehold relations. 20% of sampled rural women did not achieve empowerment; main contributors to their disempowerment were lack of group membership and lack of access and control over financial resources. Results also show that women’s education and their access to extension services are significantly associated with empowerment. Women’s empowerment indicators significantly explain some variations in crop productivity, as well as variations in some food security and dietary diversity indicators. The heterogeneity analysis shows that the magnitude of association between women’s empowerment and crop productivity is similar across asset quintiles and age groups, but the magnitude of association between women’s empowerment and food security is much smaller among households in the middle asset quintile than in the poorest and wealthiest quintiles. These findings highlight the need for greater understanding of population-level heterogeneity to help prioritize and target support that simultaneously improves women’s empowerment, productivity, and food security.</p>