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<p>The expansion-deflection or simply ED nozzle is a continuously altitude-adaptive nozzle concept applying an annular combustion chamber and a short central body. The annular shape as well as the complex cooling are difficult to master and may be the main reasons why this concept has so far not been realized on a launcher or spacecraft. However, when considering cold-gas applications, such as the attitude control of a launcher, these difficulties lose their importance.</p><p>Using a contour design tool based on the method of characteristics, contour design diagrams for ED nozzles are presented that enable to choose efficient and light contours taking into account the available geometric envelope. In comparison to bell nozzles, the divergent length of ED nozzles of identical performance is reduced by one- to two-thirds. At the same time, numerical simulations show their good nozzle efficiency in spite of the quite complex flow field. Finally, it can be concluded that ED nozzles are a good choice for cold-gas applications.</p>

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ED (expansion-deflection) nozzles for cold-gas applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月12日

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  • Manuel Frey,
  • David Haberl,
  • Thomas Aichner,
  • Gerald Hagemann

摘要

The expansion-deflection or simply ED nozzle is a continuously altitude-adaptive nozzle concept applying an annular combustion chamber and a short central body. The annular shape as well as the complex cooling are difficult to master and may be the main reasons why this concept has so far not been realized on a launcher or spacecraft. However, when considering cold-gas applications, such as the attitude control of a launcher, these difficulties lose their importance.

Using a contour design tool based on the method of characteristics, contour design diagrams for ED nozzles are presented that enable to choose efficient and light contours taking into account the available geometric envelope. In comparison to bell nozzles, the divergent length of ED nozzles of identical performance is reduced by one- to two-thirds. At the same time, numerical simulations show their good nozzle efficiency in spite of the quite complex flow field. Finally, it can be concluded that ED nozzles are a good choice for cold-gas applications.