Glutathione attenuates cadmium-induced toxicity in zebrafish embryos and larvae
摘要
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal known to induce oxidative stress and disrupt physiological functions during development. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of glutathione (GSH) against cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Our results showed that exposure to CdCl2 increased cell death in the head region of zebrafish at 72 h post-fertilization (hpf) in a dose-dependent manner, with a significant elevation in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at concentrations of ≥ 1 µM at 48 hpf. Co-treatment with GSH at a concentration of 100 µM effectively suppressed both cell death and ROS generation. CdCl2 exposure also caused a significant reduction in heart rate at 72 hpf, which was rescued by GSH at 1 µM CdCl2 but not at higher concentrations. Although GSH failed to restore 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT/serotonin) levels in embryos treated with 10 µM CdCl2, the Cd-induced suppression of heart rate was reversed by the serotonergic (5-HTergic) modulators quipazine and fluoxetine, suggesting the involvement of the 5-HT system in Cd-induced cardiotoxicity. Behavioral assessments further revealed that CdCl2 impaired tactile response and altered swimming activity, both of which were ameliorated by the addition of GSH. Together, these findings demonstrate that GSH attenuates Cd-induced neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and behavioral impairments in zebrafish, highlighting its potential as a protective agent against heavy metal toxicity during early development.