<p>Interethnic relations are often characterized by power asymmetries, reduced empathy and compassion, and less favorable intergroup attitudes. This study examined whether brief mindfulness instruction could improve the quality of a dyadic perspective-giving and perspective-taking interaction. In a virtual setting, power-asymmetric dyads (Latinx and White non-Latinx participants) were randomly assigned to listen to a brief mindfulness, relaxation, or attention-based inactive audio instruction. Thereafter, Latinx participants shared perspectives on challenges facing their ethnic group, while White non-Latinx participants summarized their partner’s perspective. Mindfulness instruction did not produce main effects on intergroup attitudes, empathy, or compassion. Instead, mindfulness interacted with perspective-takers’ social dominance orientation to predict perspective-givers’ empathic concern and personal distress, with mindfulness benefits emerging only when perspective-takers were low in social dominance orientation. Additionally, perspective-givers receiving mindfulness instruction reported greater social connection when they held more positive pre-interaction attitudes toward Latinx individuals. Findings highlight person × context-dependent effects of mindfulness, suggesting its impact on social well-being depends on interactants’ distal and proximal social goals.</p>