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<p>The Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic) of Makhtesh Ramon (Israel) has yielded numerous sauropterygian remains, Nothosauria and Placodontia being the most abundant groups. Other Triassic clades of Sauropterygia are also present, such as Pachypleurosauria or Simosauridae. Simosauridae was recognized as a poorly represented clade in Makhtesh Ramon, considering that only four elements were identified and provided limited characters to allow a specific attribution, being identified as <i>Simosaurus</i> sp. The fossil record of Simosauridae spans from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) to the Carnian (Upper Triassic) in Europe, whereas that of the Middle East has been suggested to be limited to the uppermost Anisian or lowermost Ladinian. In this work, we analyze abundant unpublished material of Simosauridae from Makhtesh Ramon. The unequivocal oldest presence for this lineage is here documented, coming from the Anisian. Their detailed study, along with the revision of the material previously documented from the same area, allows us a justified systematic discussion. The simosaur remains from the Israeli locality are more akin to <i>Simosaurus gaillardoti</i>, from the Ladinian of France and Germany, than to the other defined member of the clade, <i>Paludidraco multidentatus</i>, from the Carnian of Spain. However, the <i>Simosaurus</i> form present in Makhtesh Ramon could represent a taxon different than <i>S. gaillardoti</i> based on some cranial and postcranial differences, as well as its older stratigraphical occurrence. The comparison of the taxon recognized there with the hitherto known fossil record of Simosauridae allows us to propose an update on the paleobiogeographic and stratigraphic distributions of the group.</p>

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The oldest simosaurids (Anisian of Israel): implications for the paleobiogeographic and stratigraphic distributions of the group

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月25日

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  • Alberto Cabezuelo-Hernández,
  • Carlos de Miguel Chaves,
  • Adán Pérez-García

摘要

The Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic) of Makhtesh Ramon (Israel) has yielded numerous sauropterygian remains, Nothosauria and Placodontia being the most abundant groups. Other Triassic clades of Sauropterygia are also present, such as Pachypleurosauria or Simosauridae. Simosauridae was recognized as a poorly represented clade in Makhtesh Ramon, considering that only four elements were identified and provided limited characters to allow a specific attribution, being identified as Simosaurus sp. The fossil record of Simosauridae spans from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) to the Carnian (Upper Triassic) in Europe, whereas that of the Middle East has been suggested to be limited to the uppermost Anisian or lowermost Ladinian. In this work, we analyze abundant unpublished material of Simosauridae from Makhtesh Ramon. The unequivocal oldest presence for this lineage is here documented, coming from the Anisian. Their detailed study, along with the revision of the material previously documented from the same area, allows us a justified systematic discussion. The simosaur remains from the Israeli locality are more akin to Simosaurus gaillardoti, from the Ladinian of France and Germany, than to the other defined member of the clade, Paludidraco multidentatus, from the Carnian of Spain. However, the Simosaurus form present in Makhtesh Ramon could represent a taxon different than S. gaillardoti based on some cranial and postcranial differences, as well as its older stratigraphical occurrence. The comparison of the taxon recognized there with the hitherto known fossil record of Simosauridae allows us to propose an update on the paleobiogeographic and stratigraphic distributions of the group.