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<p>In this study, the effect of heat input on the microstructures and mechanical properties of both thin and thick walls built by wire arc additive manufacturing from the pearlitic heat-resistant steel was investigated. Both conventional gas metal arc welding and low-energy ‘coldArc’ modes were implemented in addition to forced air cooling upon interlayer pauses. It was found that forced cooling of the deposited beads down to 200&#xa0;°C made it possible to limit heat accumulation. As a result, heterogeneous regions were formed inside layers, consisting of zones with elongated and quasi-equiaxed large grains in addition to finely dispersed microstructures. In the coldArc mode, the the finest microstructures were caused by high solidification rates, increasing both microhardness values and strength characteristics. In turn, the microstructure was more uniform in the coldArc thick wall due to a lower cooling rate upon its building. For the thin walls, yield strengths ranged from 670 up to 710&#xa0;MPa, while ultimate tensile strengths were from 770 up to 805&#xa0;MPa. These parameters increased up to 750 and 860&#xa0;MPa, respectively, for the coldArc thick wall. The obtained results showed that the uniform microstructures with the improved mechanical properties could be achieved at the cooling rates of 65 and 30–40&#xa0;°C/s during the deposition of beads and subsequent thermal cycles, respectively. Their greater values contributed to the formation of regions with the non-uniform microstructures, as well as limited both recrystallization and partial tempering processes.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Effects of WAAM Modes and Wall Thickness on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Pearlitic Heat-Resistant Steel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月17日

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  • Ilya Vlasov,
  • Antonina Gordienko,
  • Alexander Eremin,
  • Vyacheslav Semenchuk

摘要

In this study, the effect of heat input on the microstructures and mechanical properties of both thin and thick walls built by wire arc additive manufacturing from the pearlitic heat-resistant steel was investigated. Both conventional gas metal arc welding and low-energy ‘coldArc’ modes were implemented in addition to forced air cooling upon interlayer pauses. It was found that forced cooling of the deposited beads down to 200 °C made it possible to limit heat accumulation. As a result, heterogeneous regions were formed inside layers, consisting of zones with elongated and quasi-equiaxed large grains in addition to finely dispersed microstructures. In the coldArc mode, the the finest microstructures were caused by high solidification rates, increasing both microhardness values and strength characteristics. In turn, the microstructure was more uniform in the coldArc thick wall due to a lower cooling rate upon its building. For the thin walls, yield strengths ranged from 670 up to 710 MPa, while ultimate tensile strengths were from 770 up to 805 MPa. These parameters increased up to 750 and 860 MPa, respectively, for the coldArc thick wall. The obtained results showed that the uniform microstructures with the improved mechanical properties could be achieved at the cooling rates of 65 and 30–40 °C/s during the deposition of beads and subsequent thermal cycles, respectively. Their greater values contributed to the formation of regions with the non-uniform microstructures, as well as limited both recrystallization and partial tempering processes.

Graphical Abstract