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<p>The development of a predictive strength model for low-carbon martensitic stainless steels, grounded in microstructural strengthening mechanisms, must explicitly account for tempering-induced reversed austenite and its associated softening effects to ensure mechanistic fidelity. This study examines the tempering-driven microstructural evolution and strengthening mechanisms in 13Cr4Ni low-carbon martensitic stainless steel through integrated characterization using electron backscatter diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Quantitative analysis revealed time-dependent coarsening of effective grains and M23C6 carbides alongside progressive reversed austenite formation at martensitic lath/block interfaces during isothermal holding. This morphological progression of reversed austenite changes from boundary-nucleated laths to equilibrium-shaped blocks. The transition from ordered to randomized carbide distribution underscores competing microstructural drivers—interfacial energy minimization governs early-stage ordering, whereas chemical potential gradients dominate late-stage spatial redistribution. A modified strengthening model incorporating reversed austenite complex softening effects was developed, demonstrating competing mechanisms: carbide precipitation strengthening dominated at prolonged durations, overriding reversed austenite complex softening through carbon depletion from the matrix. This carbon partitioning destabilized austenite while promoting carbide coarsening, ultimately governing the net yield strength elevation. The established framework enables precise microstructure-strength correlation in reversed-austenite-containing martensitic systems, providing strategic guidance for tempering process optimization of low-carbon martensitic stainless steels.</p> Graphic Abstract <p></p>

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Microstructure-Strength Modeling of 13Cr4Ni Martensitic Stainless Steel Tempered in the Intercritical Region

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月7日

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  • Yuting Li,
  • Dingpeng Huo,
  • Zongqiang Li,
  • Neng liang,
  • Dengdong Zhu,
  • Shenghua Zhang

摘要

The development of a predictive strength model for low-carbon martensitic stainless steels, grounded in microstructural strengthening mechanisms, must explicitly account for tempering-induced reversed austenite and its associated softening effects to ensure mechanistic fidelity. This study examines the tempering-driven microstructural evolution and strengthening mechanisms in 13Cr4Ni low-carbon martensitic stainless steel through integrated characterization using electron backscatter diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Quantitative analysis revealed time-dependent coarsening of effective grains and M23C6 carbides alongside progressive reversed austenite formation at martensitic lath/block interfaces during isothermal holding. This morphological progression of reversed austenite changes from boundary-nucleated laths to equilibrium-shaped blocks. The transition from ordered to randomized carbide distribution underscores competing microstructural drivers—interfacial energy minimization governs early-stage ordering, whereas chemical potential gradients dominate late-stage spatial redistribution. A modified strengthening model incorporating reversed austenite complex softening effects was developed, demonstrating competing mechanisms: carbide precipitation strengthening dominated at prolonged durations, overriding reversed austenite complex softening through carbon depletion from the matrix. This carbon partitioning destabilized austenite while promoting carbide coarsening, ultimately governing the net yield strength elevation. The established framework enables precise microstructure-strength correlation in reversed-austenite-containing martensitic systems, providing strategic guidance for tempering process optimization of low-carbon martensitic stainless steels.

Graphic Abstract