Background <p>This study aimed to examine the impact of neighborhood conditions and household material hardship experiences on young adult health outcomes, while also considering financial autonomy as a critical determinant of health.</p> Method <p>We employed a cross-sectional observational design with a diverse sample of young adults from a large urban university. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the relationships between neighborhood conditions and material hardship with health outcomes by financial autonomy.</p> Results <p>Material hardship and neighborhood conditions were significantly related to various health outcomes among young adults. Food insecurity emerged as a significant mediator linking neighborhood conditions to health including global physical health, cognitive functioning, and depression. Financially independent young adults showed stronger direct and indirect effects of neighborhood conditions on health compared to financially dependent counterparts.</p> Conclusion <p>This study underscores the complex interplay of neighborhood conditions, household material hardship, and financial autonomy in shaping young adult health. Our findings also suggest how the impact of SDOH on young adult health may have long-term effects later in life. Future research should consider these factors comprehensively to address disparities in emerging adult health.</p>