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<p>Bihar is one of the worst-affected flood-prone states of India due to recurring floods along the Ganga River during the monsoon season. Frequent riverine floods caused substantial economic loss and damage to agriculture and infrastructure. This study aims to assess the severity of flood hazards, vulnerability and risk using the long-term MODIS satellite-derived indices (2001–2025). The indices such as Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), modified-NDWI (MNDWI), Spectrum-Photometric Water Index (SPWI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) were computed from July–September (monsoon season) to assess the flood inundation mapping. The flood frequency map was generated by aggregating the flood maps at a yearly scale for 25&#xa0;years. This flood frequency map is converted to flood hazard and integrated with a socio-economic vulnerability (SEV) map to identify flood risk zones, which can assist in flood prevention and management activities. Over the last 25&#xa0;years, the average flood-affected area is estimated as 6881 km<sup>2</sup> in Bihar, accounting for 7.3% of the total geographical area (TGA) though inter-annual variations varied from 0.4% (2023) to 20.3% (2001). Among the 25&#xa0;years, 11&#xa0;years displayed flood-affected areas with higher than the mean affected areas. Flood frequency of more than 10-times (High to Very High) comprises 8.3% of flood hazard area (2877.6 km<sup>2</sup>) which was mainly found over the central part of the northern plains of Bihar. The SEV map illustrated that high vulnerability conditions exist in the North Bihar region. Accordingly, the high flood risk areas coincided with the North Bihar region, which accounted for 15% (5137 km<sup>2</sup>) of the total flood risk area over 2502 villages. This study provides a method for assessing flood risk and further offers useful insights into flood risk zones that can aid in disaster risk reduction efforts.</p>

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Flood Hazard and Risk Assessment Using Satellite-Derived Flood Events (2001–2025) and Socioeconomic Data in Bihar

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月14日

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  • Randhir Kumar,
  • Arvind Chandra Pandey,
  • Kiran Jalem,
  • Bikash Ranjan Parida

摘要

Bihar is one of the worst-affected flood-prone states of India due to recurring floods along the Ganga River during the monsoon season. Frequent riverine floods caused substantial economic loss and damage to agriculture and infrastructure. This study aims to assess the severity of flood hazards, vulnerability and risk using the long-term MODIS satellite-derived indices (2001–2025). The indices such as Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), modified-NDWI (MNDWI), Spectrum-Photometric Water Index (SPWI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) were computed from July–September (monsoon season) to assess the flood inundation mapping. The flood frequency map was generated by aggregating the flood maps at a yearly scale for 25 years. This flood frequency map is converted to flood hazard and integrated with a socio-economic vulnerability (SEV) map to identify flood risk zones, which can assist in flood prevention and management activities. Over the last 25 years, the average flood-affected area is estimated as 6881 km2 in Bihar, accounting for 7.3% of the total geographical area (TGA) though inter-annual variations varied from 0.4% (2023) to 20.3% (2001). Among the 25 years, 11 years displayed flood-affected areas with higher than the mean affected areas. Flood frequency of more than 10-times (High to Very High) comprises 8.3% of flood hazard area (2877.6 km2) which was mainly found over the central part of the northern plains of Bihar. The SEV map illustrated that high vulnerability conditions exist in the North Bihar region. Accordingly, the high flood risk areas coincided with the North Bihar region, which accounted for 15% (5137 km2) of the total flood risk area over 2502 villages. This study provides a method for assessing flood risk and further offers useful insights into flood risk zones that can aid in disaster risk reduction efforts.