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<p>The Indira Gandhi Nahar Project (IGNP) has significantly enhanced agriculture in the arid regions of Rajasthan, India, through canal irrigation. However, waterlogging has been reported in many parts of the command area, undermining land productivity and sustainability. In several locations, rising groundwater levels have led to groundwater flooding, which occurs when the water table rises to or above the ground surface, resulting in inundation even without rainfall or surface-water overflow. This process has caused the formation of many small and medium lakes in low-lying areas. This study presents a Google Earth Engine (GEE)-based application for the dynamic assessment of long-term surface waterlogging, groundwater flooding, and groundwater dynamics in the IGNP region, leveraging over 8500 Landsat images (1987–2023). A multi-index algorithm combining MNDWI (Modified Normalized Difference Water Index), NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), and EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index) was used in GEE to identify ponded areas. Validation using ground control points (2013–2023) showed high accuracy (overall &gt; 93%, Kappa 87.38–96.59). One major hotspot—Hanumangarh–Suratgarh—was identified, with low-lying areas around Hanumangarh and Suratgarh particularly vulnerable due to topography and canal leakage/diversion. The groundwater flooding was at peak with a ponded area of 62 km<sup>2</sup> in 1997 and declined to 12 km<sup>2</sup> in 2023, reflecting significant improvement. Groundwater analysis from 61 wells using the Modified Mann–Kendall Test indicated rising levels between 1994 and 2010, followed by stabilization or decline. The developed application offers a practical tool for dynamic monitoring and water resource management in arid, canal-irrigated regions.</p>

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Assessment of Groundwater and Surface Waterlogging in the Indira Gandhi Nahar Project (IGNP) Phase-I, India, Using Google Earth Engine

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月20日

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  • Survey Daman Sharma,
  • Nitesh Patidar,
  • Manmohan Kumar Goel,
  • Anupma Sharma,
  • Gopal Krishan,
  • Surjeet Singh,
  • Sumant Kumar

摘要

The Indira Gandhi Nahar Project (IGNP) has significantly enhanced agriculture in the arid regions of Rajasthan, India, through canal irrigation. However, waterlogging has been reported in many parts of the command area, undermining land productivity and sustainability. In several locations, rising groundwater levels have led to groundwater flooding, which occurs when the water table rises to or above the ground surface, resulting in inundation even without rainfall or surface-water overflow. This process has caused the formation of many small and medium lakes in low-lying areas. This study presents a Google Earth Engine (GEE)-based application for the dynamic assessment of long-term surface waterlogging, groundwater flooding, and groundwater dynamics in the IGNP region, leveraging over 8500 Landsat images (1987–2023). A multi-index algorithm combining MNDWI (Modified Normalized Difference Water Index), NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), and EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index) was used in GEE to identify ponded areas. Validation using ground control points (2013–2023) showed high accuracy (overall > 93%, Kappa 87.38–96.59). One major hotspot—Hanumangarh–Suratgarh—was identified, with low-lying areas around Hanumangarh and Suratgarh particularly vulnerable due to topography and canal leakage/diversion. The groundwater flooding was at peak with a ponded area of 62 km2 in 1997 and declined to 12 km2 in 2023, reflecting significant improvement. Groundwater analysis from 61 wells using the Modified Mann–Kendall Test indicated rising levels between 1994 and 2010, followed by stabilization or decline. The developed application offers a practical tool for dynamic monitoring and water resource management in arid, canal-irrigated regions.