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<p>This paper investigates vertical land motion (VLM) along the South Korean coastline by integrating relative sea level rise (RSLR) data from tide gauges with publicly available linear velocity estimates from Global Positioning System (GPS) stations. Analyzing long-term tide gauge records and comparing RSLR trends with vertical velocities from proximate GPS stations, this study highlights the significant spatial variability of VLM and critically evaluates the consistency between the two measurement techniques. Acknowledging the challenges of disentangling eustatic sea level rise (ESLR) from local effects, this preliminary analysis suggests a complex pattern of both subsidence (negative VLM) and uplift (positive VLM). The findings indicate regionally variable VLM rates, potentially influenced by tectonic processes, post-glacial isostatic adjustments, sediment compaction, and anthropogenic activities. However, the comparison also exposes significant inconsistencies at several sites, leading to geophysically implausible local sea level estimates. These discrepancies are shown to stem from the use of standard, "off-the-shelf" GPS velocity products that do not account for non-linear signals from major seismic events, equipment changes, or other site-specific issues. The key finding is not a definitive set of VLM rates, but a clear demonstration of when and why the consistency between tide gauge and standard GPS data breaks down. Consequently, this paper does not provide new, corrected VLM rates, but rather serves as a methodological critique demonstrating the unsuitability of standard global GPS velocity estimates for this region.&#xa0;This study underscores the critical need to account for VLM within its specific geological and geodetic context in assessing coastal vulnerability and developing effective sea level rise adaptation strategies for South Korea, emphasizing the importance of integrating geological knowledge while addressing the severe limitations in standard geodetic data products.</p>

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A Critical Evaluation of the Unsuitability of Public GPS Velocity Estimates for Vertical Land Motion Assessment in Coastal South Korea

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月26日

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  • Alberto Boretti

摘要

This paper investigates vertical land motion (VLM) along the South Korean coastline by integrating relative sea level rise (RSLR) data from tide gauges with publicly available linear velocity estimates from Global Positioning System (GPS) stations. Analyzing long-term tide gauge records and comparing RSLR trends with vertical velocities from proximate GPS stations, this study highlights the significant spatial variability of VLM and critically evaluates the consistency between the two measurement techniques. Acknowledging the challenges of disentangling eustatic sea level rise (ESLR) from local effects, this preliminary analysis suggests a complex pattern of both subsidence (negative VLM) and uplift (positive VLM). The findings indicate regionally variable VLM rates, potentially influenced by tectonic processes, post-glacial isostatic adjustments, sediment compaction, and anthropogenic activities. However, the comparison also exposes significant inconsistencies at several sites, leading to geophysically implausible local sea level estimates. These discrepancies are shown to stem from the use of standard, "off-the-shelf" GPS velocity products that do not account for non-linear signals from major seismic events, equipment changes, or other site-specific issues. The key finding is not a definitive set of VLM rates, but a clear demonstration of when and why the consistency between tide gauge and standard GPS data breaks down. Consequently, this paper does not provide new, corrected VLM rates, but rather serves as a methodological critique demonstrating the unsuitability of standard global GPS velocity estimates for this region. This study underscores the critical need to account for VLM within its specific geological and geodetic context in assessing coastal vulnerability and developing effective sea level rise adaptation strategies for South Korea, emphasizing the importance of integrating geological knowledge while addressing the severe limitations in standard geodetic data products.