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<p>This study analyzes Black Carbon (BC) concentrations in India from 1980 to 2023 using MERRA-2 data, revealing an average rise from 0.54&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup> in the 1980s to 1.64&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup> in 2023, with an annual increase of 0.028&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>. Notably, BC concentrations peaked at1.64&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup> in 2016 but have declined since then, partly due to emission regulations on vehicles and biomass burning. There has been a significant upward trend since 2001, linked to industrial growth, urbanization, and increased emissions. Seasonal patterns show elevated BC during winter, with peaks at 2.06&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup> in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, particularly in December and January, attributed to long-range transport from this region. Northern and eastern India face high concentrations, while central regions like Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh exhibit significant BC hotspots. In contrast, southwestern and western India show cold spots influenced by meteorological factors and emissions. Targeted pollution control measures are essential for specific seasons and regions in India. The country has a low density of air quality monitoring stations, particularly for black carbon measurement. Additionally, compiling a comprehensive emissions inventory is critical for effective policy-making, though data collection issues remain.</p>

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Spatio-Temporal Trends and Hotspot Analysis of Black Carbon over India (1980–2023)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月24日

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  • Mayuri Chetia,
  • Ujjal Deka Baruah

摘要

This study analyzes Black Carbon (BC) concentrations in India from 1980 to 2023 using MERRA-2 data, revealing an average rise from 0.54 µg/m3 in the 1980s to 1.64 µg/m3 in 2023, with an annual increase of 0.028 µg/m3. Notably, BC concentrations peaked at1.64 µg/m3 in 2016 but have declined since then, partly due to emission regulations on vehicles and biomass burning. There has been a significant upward trend since 2001, linked to industrial growth, urbanization, and increased emissions. Seasonal patterns show elevated BC during winter, with peaks at 2.06 µg/m3 in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, particularly in December and January, attributed to long-range transport from this region. Northern and eastern India face high concentrations, while central regions like Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh exhibit significant BC hotspots. In contrast, southwestern and western India show cold spots influenced by meteorological factors and emissions. Targeted pollution control measures are essential for specific seasons and regions in India. The country has a low density of air quality monitoring stations, particularly for black carbon measurement. Additionally, compiling a comprehensive emissions inventory is critical for effective policy-making, though data collection issues remain.