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<p>Urbanization has intensified across many global cities, including Basrah, Iraq, leading to increased industrial activities and vehicular emissions that contribute to rising levels of air pollution and elevated land surface temperature (LST). Understanding the dynamic interaction between air pollutants and LST is essential for sustainable urban development in such rapidly transforming regions. This study aims to investigate the seasonal relationship between major air pollutants and LST in Basrah City, with a particular focus on identifying which pollutants significantly influence LST during summer and winter seasons. To achieve this, satellite-based datasets were employed, including Sentinel-5P (for NO₂, SO₂, CO, and O₃), MODIS (for LST), and MERRA-2 (for wind speed), covering two seasonal windows in 2023 and 2024. Spatial analysis and universal kriging interpolation were applied to produce pollutant concentration surfaces, while Pearson correlation and regression statistics were used to assess the strength of the relationship between LST and each pollutant. The results revealed a strong negative correlation between LST and NO₂ during winter (<i>r</i> = − 0.69, R² = 0.48), while PM₂0.5 also showed a consistent inverse relationship across seasons. In contrast, SO₂ and CO exhibited weak or non-significant correlations. Wind speed demonstrated a substantial negative association with LST in both seasons, highlighting its influence on pollutant dispersion. This study underscores the complex and seasonally dependent interplay between LST and air quality in arid urban environments. The findings provide valuable insights for urban planners and environmental managers in designing effective strategies for air pollution control and climate adaptation in Basrah and similar cities.</p>

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Assessment of the Relationship between Air Pollution and Land Surface Temperature in Basrah City, Southern Iraq

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月28日

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  • Nadia A. Aziz,
  • Imzahim A. Alwan,
  • Okechukwu E. Agbasi

摘要

Urbanization has intensified across many global cities, including Basrah, Iraq, leading to increased industrial activities and vehicular emissions that contribute to rising levels of air pollution and elevated land surface temperature (LST). Understanding the dynamic interaction between air pollutants and LST is essential for sustainable urban development in such rapidly transforming regions. This study aims to investigate the seasonal relationship between major air pollutants and LST in Basrah City, with a particular focus on identifying which pollutants significantly influence LST during summer and winter seasons. To achieve this, satellite-based datasets were employed, including Sentinel-5P (for NO₂, SO₂, CO, and O₃), MODIS (for LST), and MERRA-2 (for wind speed), covering two seasonal windows in 2023 and 2024. Spatial analysis and universal kriging interpolation were applied to produce pollutant concentration surfaces, while Pearson correlation and regression statistics were used to assess the strength of the relationship between LST and each pollutant. The results revealed a strong negative correlation between LST and NO₂ during winter (r = − 0.69, R² = 0.48), while PM₂0.5 also showed a consistent inverse relationship across seasons. In contrast, SO₂ and CO exhibited weak or non-significant correlations. Wind speed demonstrated a substantial negative association with LST in both seasons, highlighting its influence on pollutant dispersion. This study underscores the complex and seasonally dependent interplay between LST and air quality in arid urban environments. The findings provide valuable insights for urban planners and environmental managers in designing effective strategies for air pollution control and climate adaptation in Basrah and similar cities.