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<p>During the early 1990s, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) introduced Acoustic Tide Gauge sensors (AT), which utilized acoustic signals for measuring the distance from the sensor to the water surface. This adoption of acoustic technology represented an advancement in tide gauge measurements compared to traditional methods. However, around 2010, these AT sensors were replaced by Microwave Tide Gauge sensors (MW). In certain weather and sea level conditions along the coast, AT sensors might have underestimated water levels. Thus, the replacement of AT sensors with MW sensors may have introduced a bias in the monthly average mean sea levels (MSL) time series. A comparison conducted at Port Townsend, WA, revealed a root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of 0.008&#xa0;m, accompanied by a systematic difference of -1&#xa0;mm between the MSL measured by AT and MW sensors. Integrating older AT MSL data with newer MW MSL data could potentially result in an apparent increase in the rate of rise and acceleration of relative sea levels. The potential bias in the MSL time series stemming not only from changes in sensor type and location, but also variable subsidence, is supported by the analysis of absolute sea levels measured by satellite altimetry, relative sea levels measured by tide gauges, and absolute position of the land where the tide gauge instrument is located inferred from global positioning system (GPS). It is concluded that expanding the number of co-located sensors to generate redundant data is essential to improve the assessment of data quality and its significance. Additionally, it is imperative to establish databases containing not only corrected but also raw tidal records, following established practices in various disciplines, and reporting every change in the instrumentation.</p>

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Advancements and Challenges in Tide Gauge Technology: A Comparative Analysis of Acoustic and Microwave Sensors for Sea Level Measurement

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月26日

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  • Alberto Boretti

摘要

During the early 1990s, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) introduced Acoustic Tide Gauge sensors (AT), which utilized acoustic signals for measuring the distance from the sensor to the water surface. This adoption of acoustic technology represented an advancement in tide gauge measurements compared to traditional methods. However, around 2010, these AT sensors were replaced by Microwave Tide Gauge sensors (MW). In certain weather and sea level conditions along the coast, AT sensors might have underestimated water levels. Thus, the replacement of AT sensors with MW sensors may have introduced a bias in the monthly average mean sea levels (MSL) time series. A comparison conducted at Port Townsend, WA, revealed a root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of 0.008 m, accompanied by a systematic difference of -1 mm between the MSL measured by AT and MW sensors. Integrating older AT MSL data with newer MW MSL data could potentially result in an apparent increase in the rate of rise and acceleration of relative sea levels. The potential bias in the MSL time series stemming not only from changes in sensor type and location, but also variable subsidence, is supported by the analysis of absolute sea levels measured by satellite altimetry, relative sea levels measured by tide gauges, and absolute position of the land where the tide gauge instrument is located inferred from global positioning system (GPS). It is concluded that expanding the number of co-located sensors to generate redundant data is essential to improve the assessment of data quality and its significance. Additionally, it is imperative to establish databases containing not only corrected but also raw tidal records, following established practices in various disciplines, and reporting every change in the instrumentation.