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<p>Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key measure of crop water requirements and use. Acquiring accurate information on the quantity, spatial distribution, and patterns of ET, particularly in groundwater aquifers overexploited for crop irrigation, has a significant impact on optimizing and saving water inputs for crops. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate and validate the outcomes of the SEBAL model, specifically focusing on evapotranspiration (ET) data within the Berrechid Plain of Morocco. The investigation incorporated field data obtained from an eddy covariance station and soil moisture probes strategically placed in both an irrigated red beet field and rainfed durum wheat field. Additionally, the study included an analysis of the water table balance in the Berrechid region during the 2020–2021 growing season. The ET values estimated by the SEBAL model, compared with the eddy covariance data, showed a commendable R² value of 0.89, accompanied by a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.16&#xa0;mm day⁻¹ and a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.22&#xa0;mm day⁻¹ for the red beet field. Similarly, for the durum wheat field, the R² was 0.91, with corresponding MAE and RMSE values of 0.21 and 0.22&#xa0;mm day⁻¹, respectively. In terms of annual water consumption, the study revealed that irrigated crops and orchards during the 2020–2021 growing season, considering both rainfall and irrigation, amounted to 79.9&#xa0;million m³ year⁻¹. Additionally, approximately 3 000 access points were identified as responsible for extracting 78&#xa0;million m³ year⁻¹ of groundwater. Notably, nearly 96% of this groundwater allocation was directed towards the agricultural sector during the 2017 growing season. Analysis of annual biomass, as determined by the SEBAL model, revealed a total biomass production of approximately 10.2 t year⁻¹ ha⁻¹ for irrigated crops, 1.3 t year⁻¹ ha⁻¹ for non-irrigated crops and 26.2 t year⁻¹ ha⁻¹ for orchards. This study underscores the crucial role of Landsat satellite images and radiative balance models in assessing the impacts of expanding irrigated crop cultivation, particularly in regions with limited water resources.</p>

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Using the SEBAL Model to Assess Evapotranspiration and Water Consumption in the Berrechid Plain, Morocco

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月14日

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  • Mohammed Merdas,
  • Mustapha Naimi,
  • Mohamed Chikhaoui,
  • Mohammed Faouzi Smiej

摘要

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key measure of crop water requirements and use. Acquiring accurate information on the quantity, spatial distribution, and patterns of ET, particularly in groundwater aquifers overexploited for crop irrigation, has a significant impact on optimizing and saving water inputs for crops. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate and validate the outcomes of the SEBAL model, specifically focusing on evapotranspiration (ET) data within the Berrechid Plain of Morocco. The investigation incorporated field data obtained from an eddy covariance station and soil moisture probes strategically placed in both an irrigated red beet field and rainfed durum wheat field. Additionally, the study included an analysis of the water table balance in the Berrechid region during the 2020–2021 growing season. The ET values estimated by the SEBAL model, compared with the eddy covariance data, showed a commendable R² value of 0.89, accompanied by a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.16 mm day⁻¹ and a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.22 mm day⁻¹ for the red beet field. Similarly, for the durum wheat field, the R² was 0.91, with corresponding MAE and RMSE values of 0.21 and 0.22 mm day⁻¹, respectively. In terms of annual water consumption, the study revealed that irrigated crops and orchards during the 2020–2021 growing season, considering both rainfall and irrigation, amounted to 79.9 million m³ year⁻¹. Additionally, approximately 3 000 access points were identified as responsible for extracting 78 million m³ year⁻¹ of groundwater. Notably, nearly 96% of this groundwater allocation was directed towards the agricultural sector during the 2017 growing season. Analysis of annual biomass, as determined by the SEBAL model, revealed a total biomass production of approximately 10.2 t year⁻¹ ha⁻¹ for irrigated crops, 1.3 t year⁻¹ ha⁻¹ for non-irrigated crops and 26.2 t year⁻¹ ha⁻¹ for orchards. This study underscores the crucial role of Landsat satellite images and radiative balance models in assessing the impacts of expanding irrigated crop cultivation, particularly in regions with limited water resources.