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<p>During the excavations of the <i>Rooswijk</i> wreck (sank in 1740), many copper alloy and pewter artefacts were recovered, including small and large cargo and personal objects used by the crew members and passengers. Multianalytical investigations (micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy combined with an energy dispersive spectrometer) allowed to evaluate the types of alloys used, the manufacturing processes, the source of copper stocks, the impact of recycling and the state of preservation of the artefacts. This study provides new insights into metallurgical innovations in brass production and the use of diverse copper sources in European workshops. The analysis of the pewter objects shows that alloy composition did not vary by object type, as wide variations in lead content occurred within the same category. Moreover, many items intended for culinary use exceeded the lead levels permitted by guild regulations. The results of the study contributed to a better understanding of the innovations in manufacturing processes of metal objects in the 18th century, together with a better insight in the socio-economical relationships and trade between Europe and Asia.</p>

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Archaeometric investigation of copper alloy and pewter artefacts from the Rooswijk shipwreck (1740): composition, technology and metal supply

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月23日

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  • Francesca Gherardi

摘要

During the excavations of the Rooswijk wreck (sank in 1740), many copper alloy and pewter artefacts were recovered, including small and large cargo and personal objects used by the crew members and passengers. Multianalytical investigations (micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy combined with an energy dispersive spectrometer) allowed to evaluate the types of alloys used, the manufacturing processes, the source of copper stocks, the impact of recycling and the state of preservation of the artefacts. This study provides new insights into metallurgical innovations in brass production and the use of diverse copper sources in European workshops. The analysis of the pewter objects shows that alloy composition did not vary by object type, as wide variations in lead content occurred within the same category. Moreover, many items intended for culinary use exceeded the lead levels permitted by guild regulations. The results of the study contributed to a better understanding of the innovations in manufacturing processes of metal objects in the 18th century, together with a better insight in the socio-economical relationships and trade between Europe and Asia.