The impact of political changes on bronze manufacturing technology and metal sources in the late Jin state (c. 6th − 4th centuries BCE): archaeometallurgical evidence from Southern Shanxi
摘要
The manufacturing technology and shifts in the sources of metals used in bronze production may reflect the impact of political and social transformations on metallurgical practices. In the late Spring and Autumn period, the “Tripartition of Jin by Han, Zhao, and Wei” altered the internal political structure of the Jin state. The power of the Jin king declined, and the territory under his direct control shrank, with only two cities-Jiang (Houma in present day) and Quwo (Qiujiazhuang in present day)-remaining. This study presents the metallographic and elemental results as well as lead isotope ratios of a total of 41 samples from 27 bronzes excavated from Qiujiazhuang cemetery, dating to the late Jin state (c. 6th -4th centuries BCE). The results suggest that the bronzes from the late Jin state inherited the Jin-style bronze manufacturing tradition, with most of the bronzes from Qiujiazhuang being as-cast, and some being forged. The craftsmen understood the effects of alloy properties on manufacturing processes and skillfully produced forged, thin-walled vessels with low lead content. Engraving, inlaying and gilding were applied for surface decoration. Lead isotope analysis reveals the diachronic changes in metal circulation networks of the Jin state during the Eastern Zhou period. In the late Jin period, the lead sources for bronzes shifted from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the mid-Spring and Autumn period to the Xiaoqinling region. The copper may have been from the Zhongtiao Mountain region within Jin’s controlled territory. This study provides a new perspective on how political changes and diplomatic relations influenced bronze manufacturing technology and metal source supply.