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<p>The Gachayingzi site represents the first confirmed bloomery iron production site associated with the early Xianbei people discovered in Northeast China to date, dating to 28–204 CE. Microstructural and elemental analyses of slag samples demonstrate that both bloomery iron smelting and smithing processes were practiced at the site. This archaeometallurgical study provides preliminary insights into the iron production techniques of China's early Xianbei, laying a solid foundation for related research. Synthesizing regional archaeological evidence, the study suggests that early Xianbei iron production technology likely developed through cultural and technical interactions with the Xiongnu. Furthermore, the identification of bloomery iron smelting in Northeast China offers new perspectives for re-evaluating the transmission routes of this technology to the Korean Peninsula.</p>

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Evidence of bloomery iron smelting in Northeast China – scientific analyses of metallurgical remains from the Gachayingzi site, Inner Mongolia, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月12日

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  • Tiezheng Bao,
  • Yanxiang Li,
  • Kunlong Chen,
  • Chenyuan Li,
  • Lixin Wang

摘要

The Gachayingzi site represents the first confirmed bloomery iron production site associated with the early Xianbei people discovered in Northeast China to date, dating to 28–204 CE. Microstructural and elemental analyses of slag samples demonstrate that both bloomery iron smelting and smithing processes were practiced at the site. This archaeometallurgical study provides preliminary insights into the iron production techniques of China's early Xianbei, laying a solid foundation for related research. Synthesizing regional archaeological evidence, the study suggests that early Xianbei iron production technology likely developed through cultural and technical interactions with the Xiongnu. Furthermore, the identification of bloomery iron smelting in Northeast China offers new perspectives for re-evaluating the transmission routes of this technology to the Korean Peninsula.