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<p>Cobalt is able to provide glass a deep shade of blue, which has been known and used since antiquity. Only in the 16<sup>th</sup> century CE, Co-coloured glass started to be used as a painting pigment smalt, which required development of new procedures. These were interconnected with changes in Co extraction and establishment of glassworks and pigment mills in the Ore Mts. on the Czech-German border. In this study, a variety of samples (archaeological glass, glass melts/slag from the Ore Mts. as well as micro-samples of painted artworks) were studied by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to trace the occurring changes in elemental composition. Three elemental associations related to cobalt were detected. First, Co-Zn-Pb-In was identified in a unique sample of glass slag found in proximity of Schneeberg silverworks, Germany, strongly supporting the previously suggested theory about usage of silver smelting slags with cobalt to colour glass. The frequently mentioned mediaeval source of this association, Freiberg, Germany, is disputed due to its low Co content in the originally extracted parts. Instead, Přísečnice (Pressnitz), Czechia, is suggested. Second, Co-Ni association (together with Mn) was identified in samples from Soví Huť (Eulenhütte), Czechia, where the actual smalt painting pigment production started; employment of a variety of locally available slags is proposed. Finally, Co-As-Ni-Bi association was related to the already established pigment smalt production thanks to targeted extraction of Co arsenides, and as such may support the dating of painted artworks.</p>

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Co-glass and blue pigment smalt production at the turn of the 15th/16th centuries: LA-ICP-MS study

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月5日

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  • Zdeňka Čermáková,
  • David Hradil,
  • Jitka Míková,
  • Janka Hradilová,
  • Dana Rohanová

摘要

Cobalt is able to provide glass a deep shade of blue, which has been known and used since antiquity. Only in the 16th century CE, Co-coloured glass started to be used as a painting pigment smalt, which required development of new procedures. These were interconnected with changes in Co extraction and establishment of glassworks and pigment mills in the Ore Mts. on the Czech-German border. In this study, a variety of samples (archaeological glass, glass melts/slag from the Ore Mts. as well as micro-samples of painted artworks) were studied by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to trace the occurring changes in elemental composition. Three elemental associations related to cobalt were detected. First, Co-Zn-Pb-In was identified in a unique sample of glass slag found in proximity of Schneeberg silverworks, Germany, strongly supporting the previously suggested theory about usage of silver smelting slags with cobalt to colour glass. The frequently mentioned mediaeval source of this association, Freiberg, Germany, is disputed due to its low Co content in the originally extracted parts. Instead, Přísečnice (Pressnitz), Czechia, is suggested. Second, Co-Ni association (together with Mn) was identified in samples from Soví Huť (Eulenhütte), Czechia, where the actual smalt painting pigment production started; employment of a variety of locally available slags is proposed. Finally, Co-As-Ni-Bi association was related to the already established pigment smalt production thanks to targeted extraction of Co arsenides, and as such may support the dating of painted artworks.