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<p>This study investigates copper ores from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) site of Gre Fılla, Turkey, employing a multi-analytical approach to understand the challenges in characterizing altered archaeological materials. The chemical and mineralogical properties of seven copper ore fragments and the effects of burial alteration were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy SEM-EDS, handheld portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF), and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) to reconstruct their original composition. Results revealed a diverse assemblage of copper minerals, including copper oxides, sulphides, and mixed phases. Element maps visualized the distribution of Cu, Si, Ca, Al, and O, and SEM imaging revealed the micro-structural features of the matrix, including evidence of malachite dissolution and secondary patina formation. The patina of the samples is characterized by elevated Cu content, with XRD identifying malachite (Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂), quartz (SiO₂), calcite (CaCO₃), and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) among secondary phases. The diversity of copper minerals identified suggests that the inhabitants recognized and engaged with materials of different properties. </p>

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Did ore diversity reflect selection beyond colour? a multi-analytical insight into early copper ore procurement at Gre Fılla

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月25日

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  • Üftade Muşkara,
  • Mustafa B. Telli,
  • Seda Karayünlü Bozbaş,
  • Ayşin Konak

摘要

This study investigates copper ores from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) site of Gre Fılla, Turkey, employing a multi-analytical approach to understand the challenges in characterizing altered archaeological materials. The chemical and mineralogical properties of seven copper ore fragments and the effects of burial alteration were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy SEM-EDS, handheld portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF), and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) to reconstruct their original composition. Results revealed a diverse assemblage of copper minerals, including copper oxides, sulphides, and mixed phases. Element maps visualized the distribution of Cu, Si, Ca, Al, and O, and SEM imaging revealed the micro-structural features of the matrix, including evidence of malachite dissolution and secondary patina formation. The patina of the samples is characterized by elevated Cu content, with XRD identifying malachite (Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂), quartz (SiO₂), calcite (CaCO₃), and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) among secondary phases. The diversity of copper minerals identified suggests that the inhabitants recognized and engaged with materials of different properties.