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<p>Black-and-white glass beads, designed to imitate banded agate beads, offer valuable insight into the history of ancient glass beadmaking. However, efforts to reconstruct ancient glass production techniques are hindered by a limited understanding of their chemical and physical properties. This study investigated several glass beads from the Phromthin Tai site, Central Thailand during the Iron Age (~ 2000 BP). Two different glass types were utilized (m-mixed-Ca-Al and m-Na-Ca-Al). Tin oxide, a relatively uncommon opacifier in contemporary Southeast Asian glass, was responsible for white coloration. The black hue was caused by the presence of Fe-S chromophores and Mn<sup>4+</sup>. The evidence of both winding and drawing shaping methods challenges previous assumptions regarding the exclusive use of folding methods. The manufacture and popularity of these banded glass beads were closely connected to the intensified maritime trade networks extending to South India and Sri Lanka, which served to satisfy the Southeast Asian demand for South Asian banded agate.</p>

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Production techniques of glass beads imitating banded agate during the Iron Age in Thailand

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月19日

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  • Siwen Xu,
  • Yemao Hou,
  • Xiaoyu Yang,
  • Thanik Lertcharnrit,
  • Yimin Yang

摘要

Black-and-white glass beads, designed to imitate banded agate beads, offer valuable insight into the history of ancient glass beadmaking. However, efforts to reconstruct ancient glass production techniques are hindered by a limited understanding of their chemical and physical properties. This study investigated several glass beads from the Phromthin Tai site, Central Thailand during the Iron Age (~ 2000 BP). Two different glass types were utilized (m-mixed-Ca-Al and m-Na-Ca-Al). Tin oxide, a relatively uncommon opacifier in contemporary Southeast Asian glass, was responsible for white coloration. The black hue was caused by the presence of Fe-S chromophores and Mn4+. The evidence of both winding and drawing shaping methods challenges previous assumptions regarding the exclusive use of folding methods. The manufacture and popularity of these banded glass beads were closely connected to the intensified maritime trade networks extending to South India and Sri Lanka, which served to satisfy the Southeast Asian demand for South Asian banded agate.