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<p>GNSS signals suffer delay through different layers of earth’s atmosphere. The troposphere layer causes a delay to GNSS observations due to a change in the refractive index of the medium. The troposphere could create a delay of more than 2&#xa0;m at zenith and 20&#xa0;m at lower satellite-elevation angles of 10 degrees and below. Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is a standalone approach that uses undifferenced and differenced single and dual frequency pseudo-range and carrier phase observations along with precise satellite orbit and clock products to produce centimetres to millimetres positioning in real time and post-processing mode. The Zenith Tropospheric Delay (ZTD) is estimated alongside with the position unknowns in PPP. PPP-ZTD estimates are useful for meteorological applications. IGS (International GNSS Service) is a voluntary federation of over 200 self-funding agencies in more than 100 countries. IGS provides the highest-quality GNSS data, products, and services in support of the GNSS community. IGS provides ZTD for its permanent stations with utmost accuracy of 4&#xa0;mm. This research investigates accuracy of PPP-ZTD estimates comparing with IGS-ZTD estimates (reference) for seven different latitude IGS stations in southern and northern hemisphere. PPP-ZTD were estimated using mixed GPS/GLONASS observations through CSRS-PPP online service. The study covers four different weeks to reflect different seasons. it can be concluded that PPP-ZTD estimates have strong agreement with IGS-estimates. PPP-ZTD differences with IGS-estimates have mean, maximum, minimum and standard deviation of 1.5&#xa0;mm, 3.1&#xa0;cm, 2.2&#xa0;cm and 6&#xa0;mm respectively.</p>

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Performance analysis of global PPP-zenith tropospheric delay estimation using mixed GPS/GLONASS observations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Ashraf Farah

摘要

GNSS signals suffer delay through different layers of earth’s atmosphere. The troposphere layer causes a delay to GNSS observations due to a change in the refractive index of the medium. The troposphere could create a delay of more than 2 m at zenith and 20 m at lower satellite-elevation angles of 10 degrees and below. Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is a standalone approach that uses undifferenced and differenced single and dual frequency pseudo-range and carrier phase observations along with precise satellite orbit and clock products to produce centimetres to millimetres positioning in real time and post-processing mode. The Zenith Tropospheric Delay (ZTD) is estimated alongside with the position unknowns in PPP. PPP-ZTD estimates are useful for meteorological applications. IGS (International GNSS Service) is a voluntary federation of over 200 self-funding agencies in more than 100 countries. IGS provides the highest-quality GNSS data, products, and services in support of the GNSS community. IGS provides ZTD for its permanent stations with utmost accuracy of 4 mm. This research investigates accuracy of PPP-ZTD estimates comparing with IGS-ZTD estimates (reference) for seven different latitude IGS stations in southern and northern hemisphere. PPP-ZTD were estimated using mixed GPS/GLONASS observations through CSRS-PPP online service. The study covers four different weeks to reflect different seasons. it can be concluded that PPP-ZTD estimates have strong agreement with IGS-estimates. PPP-ZTD differences with IGS-estimates have mean, maximum, minimum and standard deviation of 1.5 mm, 3.1 cm, 2.2 cm and 6 mm respectively.