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<p>Land Surface Temperature (LST) plays a crucial role in understanding Earth’s surface-atmosphere interactions and energy budget dynamics. It provides the change in surface temperature globally and in key regions. This study uses multitemporal satellite data to explore the spatiotemporal correlations between LST, the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and topographical characteristics in the Gangotri Valley. Landsat 5 TM (1991) and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS (2021) imagery, along with SRTM DEM data, were used to study changes in the thermal environment over three decades. The study employed thermal infrared bands (100&#xa0;m resolution) and multispectral bands (30&#xa0;m resolution) to evaluate the influence of vegetation cover and topography on LST distribution. After estimating all indices using remote sensing data and computing them with appropriate statistical tools and GIS software, the statistical analysis reveals a significant negative correlation between vegetation cover and land surface temperature (LST). The maximum LST increased from 25.40&#xa0;°C to 28.76&#xa0;°C, while the minimum LST rose from − 28.87&#xa0;°C to -21.77&#xa0;°C between 1991 and 2021, indicating a net increase of 4.11&#xa0;°C. Topographical parameters, including aspect and slope, substantially influenced LST variations. The study identified anthropogenic factors such as unplanned tourism development, deforestation, and urban expansion as primary drivers of LST increase in the valley. The practical implications of this research are substantial and provide significant insights into sustainable urban planning and environmental management. This study highlights the role of vegetation cover, snow cover, and water bodies in regulating land surface temperature and offers evidence-based recommendations for climate change and adaptation strategies. These findings emphasise the importance of preserving natural landscapes to maintain thermal equilibrium and promote resilient development in mountainous regions such as the Gangotri Valley.</p>

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Dynamics of land surface temperature and topographic elements in Gangotri Valley, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月8日

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  • Anand Kumar,
  • Narendra Kumar Rana,
  • Vishwambhar Nath Sharma

摘要

Land Surface Temperature (LST) plays a crucial role in understanding Earth’s surface-atmosphere interactions and energy budget dynamics. It provides the change in surface temperature globally and in key regions. This study uses multitemporal satellite data to explore the spatiotemporal correlations between LST, the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and topographical characteristics in the Gangotri Valley. Landsat 5 TM (1991) and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS (2021) imagery, along with SRTM DEM data, were used to study changes in the thermal environment over three decades. The study employed thermal infrared bands (100 m resolution) and multispectral bands (30 m resolution) to evaluate the influence of vegetation cover and topography on LST distribution. After estimating all indices using remote sensing data and computing them with appropriate statistical tools and GIS software, the statistical analysis reveals a significant negative correlation between vegetation cover and land surface temperature (LST). The maximum LST increased from 25.40 °C to 28.76 °C, while the minimum LST rose from − 28.87 °C to -21.77 °C between 1991 and 2021, indicating a net increase of 4.11 °C. Topographical parameters, including aspect and slope, substantially influenced LST variations. The study identified anthropogenic factors such as unplanned tourism development, deforestation, and urban expansion as primary drivers of LST increase in the valley. The practical implications of this research are substantial and provide significant insights into sustainable urban planning and environmental management. This study highlights the role of vegetation cover, snow cover, and water bodies in regulating land surface temperature and offers evidence-based recommendations for climate change and adaptation strategies. These findings emphasise the importance of preserving natural landscapes to maintain thermal equilibrium and promote resilient development in mountainous regions such as the Gangotri Valley.