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<p>Burning biomass fuels releases toxic smoke and heavy metals that contaminate ambient air and kitchen surfaces, posing potential exposure-related risks, especially in rural areas. This study assessed heavy metal contamination in the Haor and Charland regions using multiple analytical approaches to evaluate pollution risks and sources during the winter season to minimize rainfall effects. Heavy metals were analyzed through strong acid digestion followed by ICP-MS analysis, while risk levels were evaluated using various ecological indices and potential human health risks via USEPA exposure models. The results revealed that Haor had higher concentrations of trace metals, particularly Zn, Cd, and Mn, compared to Charland, likely due to differences in fuel composition, regional practices, and biomass types. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) indicated moderate-to-extreme pollution, particularly for Cd and Zn in Haor, while Charland remained mostly unpolluted. Cd emerged as the contributor to ecological risk in both regions (ER value of 383.61). The potential health risk assessment indicated higher non-carcinogenic risks from Mn in children in the Haor region, primarily via dermal contact. Although potential carcinogenic risks from Ni, Cr, and As exceeded negligible levels, they remained below the unacceptable threshold, suggesting precautionary measures, particularly for children. PCA-MLR and PMF revealed that pollution was likely affected by both geogenic, especially flood-driven, redistribution of metal-bearing particulate and man-made events, mainly agricultural activities such as fertilizers and cultivation using shallow engines and irrigation systems. The study highlights the need for improved kitchen ventilation and reduced reliance on high-emission biomass fuels to mitigate health hazards related to traditional cooking fuels. These findings support clean cooking programs, address barriers to LPG adoption in flood-prone households, and advance the National Action Plan for Clean Cookstoves’ goal of 100% clean cooking access by 2030.</p>

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Invisible Dangers: A Risk Assessment of Cooking Biomass Fuels and Their Trace Element Exposure in Rural Bangladesh

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月10日

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  • Md. Badiuzzaman Khan,
  • Muhammad Azizal Hoque,
  • Mauro Masiol,
  • Shamsunnahar Setu,
  • Niger Sultana,
  • M. Rafiqul Islam,
  • Mahmud Hossain

摘要

Burning biomass fuels releases toxic smoke and heavy metals that contaminate ambient air and kitchen surfaces, posing potential exposure-related risks, especially in rural areas. This study assessed heavy metal contamination in the Haor and Charland regions using multiple analytical approaches to evaluate pollution risks and sources during the winter season to minimize rainfall effects. Heavy metals were analyzed through strong acid digestion followed by ICP-MS analysis, while risk levels were evaluated using various ecological indices and potential human health risks via USEPA exposure models. The results revealed that Haor had higher concentrations of trace metals, particularly Zn, Cd, and Mn, compared to Charland, likely due to differences in fuel composition, regional practices, and biomass types. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) indicated moderate-to-extreme pollution, particularly for Cd and Zn in Haor, while Charland remained mostly unpolluted. Cd emerged as the contributor to ecological risk in both regions (ER value of 383.61). The potential health risk assessment indicated higher non-carcinogenic risks from Mn in children in the Haor region, primarily via dermal contact. Although potential carcinogenic risks from Ni, Cr, and As exceeded negligible levels, they remained below the unacceptable threshold, suggesting precautionary measures, particularly for children. PCA-MLR and PMF revealed that pollution was likely affected by both geogenic, especially flood-driven, redistribution of metal-bearing particulate and man-made events, mainly agricultural activities such as fertilizers and cultivation using shallow engines and irrigation systems. The study highlights the need for improved kitchen ventilation and reduced reliance on high-emission biomass fuels to mitigate health hazards related to traditional cooking fuels. These findings support clean cooking programs, address barriers to LPG adoption in flood-prone households, and advance the National Action Plan for Clean Cookstoves’ goal of 100% clean cooking access by 2030.