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<p>Dietary intake is the primary route of exposure to pesticide residues for the general population. Citrus fruits and bananas are widely consumed and may contain multiple residues, particularly post-harvest fungicides. This study assessed chronic dietary exposure and screening-level health risks associated with pesticide residues in citrus fruits (oranges, mandarins, lemons, and grapefruits) and bananas. A deterministic screening-level risk assessment was conducted using official monitoring data for fruits marketed in Poland in 2022, along with consumption scenarios aligned with EFSA PRIMo and GEMS/Food diets. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) was calculated and compared with acceptable daily intake (ADI) values to derive Hazard Quotients (HQ) and fruit-specific Hazard Indices (HI). Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) was additionally estimated for compounds with available cancer slope factors. Multiple residues were frequently detected, particularly in citrus fruits. Across all pesticide–fruit combinations and dietary scenarios, chronic non-carcinogenic risk remained low (HQ &lt; 1). The highest HQ values were observed for oranges, mainly for imazalil (HQ_children = 0.466; HQ_adults = 0.112) and 2-phenylphenol (HQ_children = 0.113). Oranges dominated mixture exposure, yielding the highest HI values (HI_adults = 0.167; HI_children = 0.699). ELCR estimates for selected compounds were generally within commonly applied tolerability ranges under conservative assumptions. The screening-level assessment indicates low chronic health risk from pesticide residues in the analysed fruits. Children showed consistently higher relative exposure than adults, supporting prioritisation of child-specific scenarios and continued targeted monitoring of post-harvest fungicides on citrus.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Health Dietary Exposure to Pesticide Residues in Citrus Fruits and Bananas: A Screening-Level Risk Assessment Using Official Monitoring Data and EFSA PRIMo Scenarios

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月7日

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  • Jarosław Chmielewski,
  • Barbara Gworek,
  • Magdalena Florek-Łuszczki,
  • Ewa Górska,
  • Jarogniew Łuszczki

摘要

Dietary intake is the primary route of exposure to pesticide residues for the general population. Citrus fruits and bananas are widely consumed and may contain multiple residues, particularly post-harvest fungicides. This study assessed chronic dietary exposure and screening-level health risks associated with pesticide residues in citrus fruits (oranges, mandarins, lemons, and grapefruits) and bananas. A deterministic screening-level risk assessment was conducted using official monitoring data for fruits marketed in Poland in 2022, along with consumption scenarios aligned with EFSA PRIMo and GEMS/Food diets. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) was calculated and compared with acceptable daily intake (ADI) values to derive Hazard Quotients (HQ) and fruit-specific Hazard Indices (HI). Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) was additionally estimated for compounds with available cancer slope factors. Multiple residues were frequently detected, particularly in citrus fruits. Across all pesticide–fruit combinations and dietary scenarios, chronic non-carcinogenic risk remained low (HQ < 1). The highest HQ values were observed for oranges, mainly for imazalil (HQ_children = 0.466; HQ_adults = 0.112) and 2-phenylphenol (HQ_children = 0.113). Oranges dominated mixture exposure, yielding the highest HI values (HI_adults = 0.167; HI_children = 0.699). ELCR estimates for selected compounds were generally within commonly applied tolerability ranges under conservative assumptions. The screening-level assessment indicates low chronic health risk from pesticide residues in the analysed fruits. Children showed consistently higher relative exposure than adults, supporting prioritisation of child-specific scenarios and continued targeted monitoring of post-harvest fungicides on citrus.

Graphical Abstract