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<p>Particulate matter is a mixture of heterogeneous components from natural and anthropogenic sources and is one of the primary pollutants produced by mining, with diverse compositions and sizes. Fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) contains trace metals that have been associated with neurotoxic effects, particularly in children. This study evaluated the association between co-exposure to metals in particulate matter and the intellectual function of schoolchildren. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 108 schoolchildren aged 7–11 years from two municipalities in Hidalgo, Mexico. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children adapted for the Mexican population (WISC-R) was applied to assess the children’s intellectual function. Metals in PM<sub>2.5</sub> were measured using Proton-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). Linear regression models were used to examine associations between metal concentrations and WISC-R scores, adjusting for covariates. Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression was employed to evaluate the combined effect of mixture exposure and cognitive function. WQS regression estimated that the negatively constrained WQS index reduced Performance IQ by 5.32 points (<i>p</i> = 0.05), with primary contributions from Cu (mean weight 29%), Ni (mean weight 28%), Mn (mean weight 22%), and Fe (mean weight 17%). In addition, Fe was the main contributor to the positively constrained WQS index across all three WISC-R scales. Our findings suggest that exposure to multiple airborne metals negatively affects intellectual function. Furthermore, a combination was identified that positively contributes to WISC-R scores. These results highlight the importance of considering co-exposure to metals in future research and in protecting public health.</p>

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Environmental Co-exposure to Metals in PM2.5 and Intellectual Function in Rural Schoolchildren in Mexico

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月14日

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  • Israel Ríos-García,
  • David Hernández-Bonilla,
  • Astrid Schilmann,
  • Horacio Riojas-Rodríguez,
  • Marlene Cortez-Lugo

摘要

Particulate matter is a mixture of heterogeneous components from natural and anthropogenic sources and is one of the primary pollutants produced by mining, with diverse compositions and sizes. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) contains trace metals that have been associated with neurotoxic effects, particularly in children. This study evaluated the association between co-exposure to metals in particulate matter and the intellectual function of schoolchildren. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 108 schoolchildren aged 7–11 years from two municipalities in Hidalgo, Mexico. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children adapted for the Mexican population (WISC-R) was applied to assess the children’s intellectual function. Metals in PM2.5 were measured using Proton-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). Linear regression models were used to examine associations between metal concentrations and WISC-R scores, adjusting for covariates. Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression was employed to evaluate the combined effect of mixture exposure and cognitive function. WQS regression estimated that the negatively constrained WQS index reduced Performance IQ by 5.32 points (p = 0.05), with primary contributions from Cu (mean weight 29%), Ni (mean weight 28%), Mn (mean weight 22%), and Fe (mean weight 17%). In addition, Fe was the main contributor to the positively constrained WQS index across all three WISC-R scales. Our findings suggest that exposure to multiple airborne metals negatively affects intellectual function. Furthermore, a combination was identified that positively contributes to WISC-R scores. These results highlight the importance of considering co-exposure to metals in future research and in protecting public health.