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<p>The present study analysed the exposure to 20 metals in the urine of 604 children aged 6–11&#xa0;years in the Valencia region of Spain, together with socio-demographic and dietary factors. It focused on seven essential metals (Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn and V) and 13 toxic metals (Al, Sb, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cs, Pb, Ni, Pt, Th, Tl and U). Risk assessments were performed for three essential metals (Se, Mo, Zn) and five toxic metals (Al, Ba, Cd, USAs, Tl) based on established benchmarks. All essential metals except Co (91%), Mn (73%) and V (97%) showed 100% detection frequencies, with geometric mean (GM) concentrations ranging from 0.09&#xa0;µg/L (Mn) to 49&#xa0;µg/L (Mo) (Zn had 389&#xa0;µg/L). For toxic metals, Ni, As, Cs, Ba, Tl, Pb had detection frequencies between 98 and 100%, with GM concentrations between 0.16&#xa0;µg/L (Tl) and 33&#xa0;µg/L (As). Sociodemographic and dietary factors were examined as predictors of urinary metal concentrations. Children’s age was negatively associated with Al, Cs, Co, Cu, Mo, Se, Tl and Zn concentrations and positively associated with Be. Fish consumption was positively correlated with As, Be and Se concentrations. Higher meat intake was associated with higher Pb and lower Al concentrations. Risk assessment showed that hazard quotients for USAs and Al were &gt; 1, suggesting potential health concerns. However, the lack of urinary arsenic speciation represents a key limitation, particularly in this population with high marine fish consumption, where total urinary arsenic may substantially overestimate toxicologically relevant exposure.</p>

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Biomonitoring of Metals in the Urine of Children from the Valencian Region (Spain): Levels, Predictors of Exposure, and Risk Assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月12日

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  • Carmen Sáez,
  • Alfredo Sánchez,
  • Yolanda Molina,
  • Trinidad Suelves,
  • Sabrina Llop,
  • Raquel Soler-Blasco,
  • Pablo Dualde,
  • Miguel Ángel Aguirre,
  • Antonio Canals,
  • Clara Coscollà

摘要

The present study analysed the exposure to 20 metals in the urine of 604 children aged 6–11 years in the Valencia region of Spain, together with socio-demographic and dietary factors. It focused on seven essential metals (Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn and V) and 13 toxic metals (Al, Sb, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cs, Pb, Ni, Pt, Th, Tl and U). Risk assessments were performed for three essential metals (Se, Mo, Zn) and five toxic metals (Al, Ba, Cd, USAs, Tl) based on established benchmarks. All essential metals except Co (91%), Mn (73%) and V (97%) showed 100% detection frequencies, with geometric mean (GM) concentrations ranging from 0.09 µg/L (Mn) to 49 µg/L (Mo) (Zn had 389 µg/L). For toxic metals, Ni, As, Cs, Ba, Tl, Pb had detection frequencies between 98 and 100%, with GM concentrations between 0.16 µg/L (Tl) and 33 µg/L (As). Sociodemographic and dietary factors were examined as predictors of urinary metal concentrations. Children’s age was negatively associated with Al, Cs, Co, Cu, Mo, Se, Tl and Zn concentrations and positively associated with Be. Fish consumption was positively correlated with As, Be and Se concentrations. Higher meat intake was associated with higher Pb and lower Al concentrations. Risk assessment showed that hazard quotients for USAs and Al were > 1, suggesting potential health concerns. However, the lack of urinary arsenic speciation represents a key limitation, particularly in this population with high marine fish consumption, where total urinary arsenic may substantially overestimate toxicologically relevant exposure.