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<p>Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in plastic toys pose a significant public health risk and contribute to the cumulative environmental exposure of children. This study addresses this critical gap by assessing the total concentration and bioaccessible fractions of PTEs in plastic toys from the Brazilian retail market, where surveillance data are scarce. Seventy toy samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry for regulated elements, including barium (Ba), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), and chromium (Cr). Results showed that 44.3% of the samples exceeded Brazilian (INMETRO) and European Union (Directive 2009/48/EC) regulatory thresholds for Ba (1,000&#xa0;mg/kg), with maximum concentrations reaching 15,349.6&#xa0;mg/kg. Pb concentrations surpassed permissible limits in 32.9% of samples, with a peak of 337.4&#xa0;mg/kg. Noncompliance was also detected for Sb (24.3%) and Cr (20%). The significant correlations (<i>ρ</i> &gt; 0.80) between Ni and Co and Ni–Mn suggested common manufacturing sources. Principal component analysis identified Ba, Mn, and Co as major contributors to data variability. Toy color analysis revealed elevated elemental concentrations in the beige specimens. Bioaccessibility testing indicated low extraction rates (0.11%–7.33%). Risk assessments incorporating hazard quotients and carcinogenic risk highlighted the health concerns regarding Pb, Cr, Cd, and essential elements, particularly under high-exposure conditions. Our findings highlight widespread noncompliance with existing safety regulations, underscoring the urgent need for enhanced regulatory enforcement and routine surveillance of toy products in Brazil. The integration of bioaccessibility data with risk metrics provides a systematic framework for prioritizing regulatory interventions.</p>

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Potentially Toxic Elements in Brazilian Toys: A Bioaccessibility-Based Childhood Health Risk Assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月22日

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  • Bruno Alves Rocha,
  • Matheus Gallimberti,
  • Gabriel Henrique Savietto,
  • Ramon Alves de Oliveira Paula,
  • Marília Cristina Oliveira Souza,
  • Grazielle Cabral de Lima,
  • Mariane Gonçalves Santos,
  • Fernando Barbosa Jr.

摘要

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in plastic toys pose a significant public health risk and contribute to the cumulative environmental exposure of children. This study addresses this critical gap by assessing the total concentration and bioaccessible fractions of PTEs in plastic toys from the Brazilian retail market, where surveillance data are scarce. Seventy toy samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry for regulated elements, including barium (Ba), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), and chromium (Cr). Results showed that 44.3% of the samples exceeded Brazilian (INMETRO) and European Union (Directive 2009/48/EC) regulatory thresholds for Ba (1,000 mg/kg), with maximum concentrations reaching 15,349.6 mg/kg. Pb concentrations surpassed permissible limits in 32.9% of samples, with a peak of 337.4 mg/kg. Noncompliance was also detected for Sb (24.3%) and Cr (20%). The significant correlations (ρ > 0.80) between Ni and Co and Ni–Mn suggested common manufacturing sources. Principal component analysis identified Ba, Mn, and Co as major contributors to data variability. Toy color analysis revealed elevated elemental concentrations in the beige specimens. Bioaccessibility testing indicated low extraction rates (0.11%–7.33%). Risk assessments incorporating hazard quotients and carcinogenic risk highlighted the health concerns regarding Pb, Cr, Cd, and essential elements, particularly under high-exposure conditions. Our findings highlight widespread noncompliance with existing safety regulations, underscoring the urgent need for enhanced regulatory enforcement and routine surveillance of toy products in Brazil. The integration of bioaccessibility data with risk metrics provides a systematic framework for prioritizing regulatory interventions.