Biomonitoring of Bisphenols, Parabens, Benzophenone-3 and Triclosan in Human Urine of Spanish Adult Population: Risk Assessment and Predictors of Exposure
摘要
Bisphenols, parabens, benzophenone-3 and triclosan are common endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) found in various products like cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food, leading to exposure through ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation. These chemicals are rapidly absorbed, metabolised and excreted in urine due to their short half-lives. Human biomonitoring is employed to assess the internal exposure and risks of nine potential EDCs (three bisphenols: bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS); four parabens: methyl paraben (MP), ethyl paraben (EP), propyl paraben (PP) and butyl paraben (BtP); benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and triclosan (TCS)) in Spanish human urine samples. MP was the most frequently detected, followed by BP-3 and BPF, while BP was found in only 2% of samples. MP also had the highest urinary concentration, with geometric mean (GM) and 95th percentile (P95) of 1.88 and 54.7 ng·mL−1, respectively. Significant associations were observed between exposure and factors such as sex, age, home location and the use of personal care products (PCPs) (shampoo, sunscreen, skincare products, perfume and lipstick). Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were derived from P95 urinary levels to support risk assessment, with corresponding Hazard Quotients (HQs) and Margins of Exposure (MOEs) calculated. EDIs for BPA, BPF, the combined MP and EP, and BP-3 were 0.24, 0.85, 10.6 and 1.73 µg·kg-bw−1·day−1, respectively. HQ for BPA and MOE for BPF exceeded safety thresholds, indicating potential health concerns for the target population; especially for BPA given its recently reported 20,000-fold lower tolerable daily intake (TDI) value.