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<p>Cooking and lighting with kerosene in Indian households have been declining noticeably due to the government-initiated promotion of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), better distribution and management of electrification, and limited supply with an elevated cost of kerosene in ration shops as well as in the markets. Still, a considerable number of kerosene-based cooking practices are prevalent in India. This present study monitored the concentration of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and estimated the health risks among rural and urban women from kerosene-using households in Southern India. A total of 22 VOCs were detected in sample analysis, where benzene was predominant among all, followed by Ethylbenzene and then 2-chlorotoluene. Total VOC concentrations (TVOCs) in rural households (summer, 202.28 ± 386.44&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup> and winter, 305.31 ± 346.54&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>) showed higher concentrations than in urban households (summer, 153.53 ± 396.19&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup> and winter, 207.92 ± 447.35&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>). The Diagnostic Ratio (Benzene/Toluene) also showed values &lt; 1 in both rural and urban households. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for each VOC were found to be less than 1, suggesting no non-cancer risks, except for benzene in rural (11.75) and naphthalene in both the rural and urban areas (2.31 and 3.39). However, considering all the VOCs, hazard indexes (HI) with cumulative non-cancer hazards were 15.41 and 4.7 in rural and urban households, respectively. This study attempted an explorative approach to assess the prevailing kerosene exposure and related health effects among women in rural and urban South India. This study also recommends more intervention of Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) with efficient local supply chain management.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds from Kerosene Fuel Burning and its Health Consequences among Women in South Indian Population

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月18日

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  • Krishnendu Mukhopadhyay,
  • Deep Chakraborty,
  • Srinivasan Natarajan,
  • Dipanjali Majumdar,
  • Banani Mukhopadhyay,
  • Sankar Sambandam,
  • Kalpana Balakrishnan

摘要

Cooking and lighting with kerosene in Indian households have been declining noticeably due to the government-initiated promotion of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), better distribution and management of electrification, and limited supply with an elevated cost of kerosene in ration shops as well as in the markets. Still, a considerable number of kerosene-based cooking practices are prevalent in India. This present study monitored the concentration of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and estimated the health risks among rural and urban women from kerosene-using households in Southern India. A total of 22 VOCs were detected in sample analysis, where benzene was predominant among all, followed by Ethylbenzene and then 2-chlorotoluene. Total VOC concentrations (TVOCs) in rural households (summer, 202.28 ± 386.44 µg/m3 and winter, 305.31 ± 346.54 µg/m3) showed higher concentrations than in urban households (summer, 153.53 ± 396.19 µg/m3 and winter, 207.92 ± 447.35 µg/m3). The Diagnostic Ratio (Benzene/Toluene) also showed values < 1 in both rural and urban households. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for each VOC were found to be less than 1, suggesting no non-cancer risks, except for benzene in rural (11.75) and naphthalene in both the rural and urban areas (2.31 and 3.39). However, considering all the VOCs, hazard indexes (HI) with cumulative non-cancer hazards were 15.41 and 4.7 in rural and urban households, respectively. This study attempted an explorative approach to assess the prevailing kerosene exposure and related health effects among women in rural and urban South India. This study also recommends more intervention of Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) with efficient local supply chain management.

Graphical Abstract