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<p>This study provides the first nationwide and systematic assessment of fairy chimneys in Türkiye, documenting 227 localities and analysing their spatial distribution, elevations, cap characteristics, rock types, and climatic conditions. The number of localities increases markedly from coastal areas toward inland regions, with the most extensive occurrences situated within major volcanic provinces such as Central Anatolia, Kırka–Afyon–Isparta, Galatia, and Eastern Anatolia volcanic provinces. Fairy chimneys predominantly occur between 600 and 1,800&#xa0;m a.s.l., with an average elevation of 1,220&#xa0;m. Morphologically, 28% of the localities are dominated by capped fairy chimneys, 40% by uncapped forms, and 32% display a mixture of both forms. Stratification, rockfall processes, and the presence of large boulders within the lithological units primarily control the development of caps. These landforms most commonly develop on conglomerate–sandstone–mudstone alternations, ignimbrites, agglomerates, limestones, undifferentiated pyroclastic deposits, tuffs, and volcanic–sedimentary rocks. Mediterranean, semi-arid, and continental climates are the predominant climate types in which these landforms are found. Overall, the findings of this study provide the first comprehensive overview of the spatial and morphological diversity of fairy chimneys in Türkiye, offering a valuable foundation for geoheritage documentation, geoconservation planning, and comparative studies of erosional landform development.</p>

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Distribution and Main Characteristics of Fairy Chimneys in Türkiye

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月19日

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  • Muhammed Zeynel Öztürk

摘要

This study provides the first nationwide and systematic assessment of fairy chimneys in Türkiye, documenting 227 localities and analysing their spatial distribution, elevations, cap characteristics, rock types, and climatic conditions. The number of localities increases markedly from coastal areas toward inland regions, with the most extensive occurrences situated within major volcanic provinces such as Central Anatolia, Kırka–Afyon–Isparta, Galatia, and Eastern Anatolia volcanic provinces. Fairy chimneys predominantly occur between 600 and 1,800 m a.s.l., with an average elevation of 1,220 m. Morphologically, 28% of the localities are dominated by capped fairy chimneys, 40% by uncapped forms, and 32% display a mixture of both forms. Stratification, rockfall processes, and the presence of large boulders within the lithological units primarily control the development of caps. These landforms most commonly develop on conglomerate–sandstone–mudstone alternations, ignimbrites, agglomerates, limestones, undifferentiated pyroclastic deposits, tuffs, and volcanic–sedimentary rocks. Mediterranean, semi-arid, and continental climates are the predominant climate types in which these landforms are found. Overall, the findings of this study provide the first comprehensive overview of the spatial and morphological diversity of fairy chimneys in Türkiye, offering a valuable foundation for geoheritage documentation, geoconservation planning, and comparative studies of erosional landform development.