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<p>The Taj Mahal, one of the wonders of the world and a UNESCO World Heritage site, has stood for centuries on the banks of the Yamuna River in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. Known for its Makrana Marble façade over an interior of brick masonry, the Taj Mahal has experienced degradation over the past few decades. This study documents the damages and identifies the causes and mechanisms of degradation. Major issues observed include flaking, spalling, uneven surfaces, mass loss, and staining. These problems arise due to changes in the marble’s porosity from various environmental exposures. Detailed analyses of these mechanisms and their probable causes were conducted. Accelerated artificial weathering tests were performed on marble samples to simulate the deterioration observed in the Taj Mahal. The two primary artificial degradation techniques used were thermal weathering and acid weathering. The tests quantified the effects on the microstructure and pore structure of the marble. A decrease in ultrasonic pulse velocity and an increase in water absorption were observed when comparing fresh samples to artificially weathered ones. Manifestations such as flakiness and mass loss in the accelerated weathering tests supported the identified causes of degradation in the Taj Mahal marbles.</p>

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A Study on Current Conservation State, Damage Documentation, Causes and Effects of Marble Weathering in the Taj Mahal

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月29日

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  • Anupama Ghimire,
  • Shipin Prakash,
  • Swathy Manohar

摘要

The Taj Mahal, one of the wonders of the world and a UNESCO World Heritage site, has stood for centuries on the banks of the Yamuna River in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. Known for its Makrana Marble façade over an interior of brick masonry, the Taj Mahal has experienced degradation over the past few decades. This study documents the damages and identifies the causes and mechanisms of degradation. Major issues observed include flaking, spalling, uneven surfaces, mass loss, and staining. These problems arise due to changes in the marble’s porosity from various environmental exposures. Detailed analyses of these mechanisms and their probable causes were conducted. Accelerated artificial weathering tests were performed on marble samples to simulate the deterioration observed in the Taj Mahal. The two primary artificial degradation techniques used were thermal weathering and acid weathering. The tests quantified the effects on the microstructure and pore structure of the marble. A decrease in ultrasonic pulse velocity and an increase in water absorption were observed when comparing fresh samples to artificially weathered ones. Manifestations such as flakiness and mass loss in the accelerated weathering tests supported the identified causes of degradation in the Taj Mahal marbles.