<p>Electric buses are an attractive alternative for operators and policymakers around the world to transition toward sustainable transportation systems. A cost-optimal electric bus system is typically designed using an opportunity charging strategy. Under the opportunity charging strategy, the electric bus system is designed to utilize dwell time to recharge batteries at stops or terminals during daily operation. Due to this limited charging time, the charging infrastructure must perform as intended. Any failure of the chargers may result in delays and, in severe instances, schedule disruptions. Schedule adherence is critical in public transit systems, as deviation in adherence can diminish users’ confidence in the service and lead to revenue loss. This study proposes a framework to design a cost-optimal electric bus system that is resilient against individual charger failures. The problem was formulated as a two-stage stochastic mixed integer program with decision-dependent uncertainty. The recourse action was to provide additional chargers at the terminals. The problem was then solved using Ancestral Benders’ cutting plane algorithm. A case study is presented on the real-life bus network of Delhi, India. Results indicate that to achieve a desirable level of reliability against charger failure, the operator must modify the charging infrastructure deployed based on the individual charger failure probability. The proposed design was able to account for charger failures within acceptable trip start delays by installing additional chargers at the terminals, resulting in a marginal, and hence justifiable, increase in the total system cost.</p>

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Resilient electric bus system design considering charger failure

  • Aman Sharma,
  • Pranav Gairola,
  • N. Nezamuddin

摘要

Electric buses are an attractive alternative for operators and policymakers around the world to transition toward sustainable transportation systems. A cost-optimal electric bus system is typically designed using an opportunity charging strategy. Under the opportunity charging strategy, the electric bus system is designed to utilize dwell time to recharge batteries at stops or terminals during daily operation. Due to this limited charging time, the charging infrastructure must perform as intended. Any failure of the chargers may result in delays and, in severe instances, schedule disruptions. Schedule adherence is critical in public transit systems, as deviation in adherence can diminish users’ confidence in the service and lead to revenue loss. This study proposes a framework to design a cost-optimal electric bus system that is resilient against individual charger failures. The problem was formulated as a two-stage stochastic mixed integer program with decision-dependent uncertainty. The recourse action was to provide additional chargers at the terminals. The problem was then solved using Ancestral Benders’ cutting plane algorithm. A case study is presented on the real-life bus network of Delhi, India. Results indicate that to achieve a desirable level of reliability against charger failure, the operator must modify the charging infrastructure deployed based on the individual charger failure probability. The proposed design was able to account for charger failures within acceptable trip start delays by installing additional chargers at the terminals, resulting in a marginal, and hence justifiable, increase in the total system cost.