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Background <p>Combination immunotherapy, particularly the STRIDE regimen (durvalumab plus tremelimumab), is recommended as first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cytokine release syndrome (CRS), while rare, can be a life-threatening adverse event associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The relationship between CRS and antitumor activity remains unclear; however, some studies suggest that the occurrence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) may be indicative of enhanced immune activation. We report a case in which severe CRS following ICI therapy led to marked tumor shrinkage and enabled conversion surgery. </p> Case presentation <p>An 85-year-old woman presented with a 100&#xa0;mm HCC in the right hepatic lobe with intrahepatic metastases, initially deemed unresectable. She received the STRIDE regimen and developed Grade 3 CRS with fever, hypotension, and multi-organ dysfunction. Corticosteroid therapy led to rapid clinical improvement. Three months post-treatment, imaging revealed tumor regression (from 100&#xa0;mm to 60&#xa0;mm) and significant decline in tumor markers (AFP 1550–110&#xa0;ng/mL; PIVKA-2 32,600 to 79&#xa0;AU/mL). Extended anterior sectionectomy was performed, with histopathology showing 90% tumor necrosis. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 16.</p> Conclusion <p>CRS is a potentially severe irAE that may also signal favorable immune activation. Early recognition and appropriate management of CRS are essential, and in select cases, ICI-induced CRS may facilitate curative conversion surgery in advanced HCC.</p>

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Conversion surgery following severe cytokine release syndrome induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors doublet in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月11日

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  • Haruki Mori,
  • Hiromitsu Maehira,
  • Nobuhito Nitta,
  • Hajime Ishikawa,
  • Toru Miyake,
  • Sachiko Kaida,
  • Katsushi Takebayashi,
  • Masatsugu Kojima,
  • Yusuke Nishina,
  • Masaji Tani

摘要

Background

Combination immunotherapy, particularly the STRIDE regimen (durvalumab plus tremelimumab), is recommended as first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cytokine release syndrome (CRS), while rare, can be a life-threatening adverse event associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The relationship between CRS and antitumor activity remains unclear; however, some studies suggest that the occurrence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) may be indicative of enhanced immune activation. We report a case in which severe CRS following ICI therapy led to marked tumor shrinkage and enabled conversion surgery.

Case presentation

An 85-year-old woman presented with a 100 mm HCC in the right hepatic lobe with intrahepatic metastases, initially deemed unresectable. She received the STRIDE regimen and developed Grade 3 CRS with fever, hypotension, and multi-organ dysfunction. Corticosteroid therapy led to rapid clinical improvement. Three months post-treatment, imaging revealed tumor regression (from 100 mm to 60 mm) and significant decline in tumor markers (AFP 1550–110 ng/mL; PIVKA-2 32,600 to 79 AU/mL). Extended anterior sectionectomy was performed, with histopathology showing 90% tumor necrosis. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 16.

Conclusion

CRS is a potentially severe irAE that may also signal favorable immune activation. Early recognition and appropriate management of CRS are essential, and in select cases, ICI-induced CRS may facilitate curative conversion surgery in advanced HCC.