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<p>The Musan iron mine is the largest open-pit mine in North Korea boasting reserves exceeding 2 billion tons. The environmental hazards posed by open-pit mining are of significant concern due to pollution and instability of waste disposal sites. In this study, the surface displacement of the Musan mine was analyzed by applying the Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSInSAR) technique to Sentinel-1 SAR images obtained from 2017 to 2021 both in ascending and descending orbits. The distribution of PS was sparse in the initial result of PSInSAR for 5&#xa0;years, causing phase unwrapping error especially in rapidly subsiding dumping slopes. To obtain a dense distribution of PS, Time-Segmented PSInSAR (TS-PSInSAR) was performed by dividing the temporal coverage of PSInSAR stack into each year and linking the nearest PS within 50&#xa0;m to obtain 5-year deformation. Nearest PSs from the ascending and descending orbits were combined to produce vertical (up-down) and horizontal (east–west) components. TS-PSInSAR produced 7.5 times denser PS than that of a conventional PSInSAR. The results showed up to 150&#xa0;mm/year of subsidence rate on dumping sites of the Musan mine. The magnitude of displacement is proportional to the thickness of the deposited material, especially for recently dumped sites, while the direction tends to follow the original natural slope before dumping.</p>

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Two-dimensional subsidence of dumping sites of Musan mine in North Korea observed by time-segmented PSInSAR

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月13日

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  • Yongjae Chu,
  • Hoonyol Lee

摘要

The Musan iron mine is the largest open-pit mine in North Korea boasting reserves exceeding 2 billion tons. The environmental hazards posed by open-pit mining are of significant concern due to pollution and instability of waste disposal sites. In this study, the surface displacement of the Musan mine was analyzed by applying the Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSInSAR) technique to Sentinel-1 SAR images obtained from 2017 to 2021 both in ascending and descending orbits. The distribution of PS was sparse in the initial result of PSInSAR for 5 years, causing phase unwrapping error especially in rapidly subsiding dumping slopes. To obtain a dense distribution of PS, Time-Segmented PSInSAR (TS-PSInSAR) was performed by dividing the temporal coverage of PSInSAR stack into each year and linking the nearest PS within 50 m to obtain 5-year deformation. Nearest PSs from the ascending and descending orbits were combined to produce vertical (up-down) and horizontal (east–west) components. TS-PSInSAR produced 7.5 times denser PS than that of a conventional PSInSAR. The results showed up to 150 mm/year of subsidence rate on dumping sites of the Musan mine. The magnitude of displacement is proportional to the thickness of the deposited material, especially for recently dumped sites, while the direction tends to follow the original natural slope before dumping.