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<p>The <i>CO</i>, <i>CO-like</i>, and <i>TOC1</i> (<i>CCT</i>) family genes play pivotal roles in plant growth, yet their comprehensive characterization in roses (<i>Rosa chinensis</i>) remains unexplored. Here, 25 <i>RcCCT</i> genes were systematically identified and phylogenetically classified into five clades (COL, PRR, ZIM, TCR, ASML2) alongside tandem duplications (<i>RcCCT-24</i>/<i>RcZIM2</i> and <i>RcCCT-25</i>/<i>RcZIM1</i>). Structural analyses revealed conserved CCT domains, diverse secondary structures (<i>α</i>-helices, <i>β</i>-sheets, and random coils), and tertiary structural similarities. Further investigation showed diverse <i>cis</i>-regulatory elements linked to stress and hormone responses. Tissue-specific expression profiles highlighted roles in floral development, with R<i>cCCT-05</i>/<i>RcCO</i> and <i>RcCCT-03</i>/<i>RcPRR5</i> showing induction under low temperature and light. Gibberellin treatment upregulated seven representative <i>RcCCTs</i>, suggesting hormonal interplay in flowering. Overexpression of <i>RcCCT-01</i> in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> delayed flowering by suppressing <i>AtFT</i>, underscoring its repressive role. Evolutionary divergence in <i>ZIM-like</i> gene promoters indicated functional specialization. In summary, our findings provide valuable perspectives on the role of the <i>RcCCT</i> gene family in regulating flowering and stress.</p>

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The conserved CCT gene family in Rosa chinensis: coordinating flowering regulation and environmental adaptation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月2日

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  • Yibo Sun,
  • Fupeng Bian,
  • Hui Min,
  • Xiaojia Zhang

摘要

The CO, CO-like, and TOC1 (CCT) family genes play pivotal roles in plant growth, yet their comprehensive characterization in roses (Rosa chinensis) remains unexplored. Here, 25 RcCCT genes were systematically identified and phylogenetically classified into five clades (COL, PRR, ZIM, TCR, ASML2) alongside tandem duplications (RcCCT-24/RcZIM2 and RcCCT-25/RcZIM1). Structural analyses revealed conserved CCT domains, diverse secondary structures (α-helices, β-sheets, and random coils), and tertiary structural similarities. Further investigation showed diverse cis-regulatory elements linked to stress and hormone responses. Tissue-specific expression profiles highlighted roles in floral development, with RcCCT-05/RcCO and RcCCT-03/RcPRR5 showing induction under low temperature and light. Gibberellin treatment upregulated seven representative RcCCTs, suggesting hormonal interplay in flowering. Overexpression of RcCCT-01 in Arabidopsis thaliana delayed flowering by suppressing AtFT, underscoring its repressive role. Evolutionary divergence in ZIM-like gene promoters indicated functional specialization. In summary, our findings provide valuable perspectives on the role of the RcCCT gene family in regulating flowering and stress.