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<p>Soil is vital to safeguard the planet’s biological diversity and efficient use of natural resources. Heavy metals (HMs) accumulation in soil and their further bioaccumulation lead to significant deterioration of soil quality and a threat to the ecosystem. To mitigate HMs pollution, it is imperative to monitor timely at regular manner and develop measures to restore soil health. Phytoremediation is a natural strategy to remediate contaminated soil in a non-invasive, aesthetic and economically feasible way. The current review focuses on various phytoremediation methods in the remediation of soil contaminated with HMs, comprehensively examines the mechanisms underlying phytoremediation, emphasizing the roles of plant metal-binding substances such as metallothioneins, phytochelatins, and metal transport proteins in processes like vacuolar sequestration, transporter-mediated uptake, and antioxidant defense systems. In addition, the possibility of using experimental biotechnological approaches, including genetic engineering techniques, particularly CRISPR/Cas9-based modifications, involving the modification of metal-binding proteins to enhance the remediation potential of plants is also discussed. Despite its promise, phytoremediation faces challenges, including slow remediation rates, biomass disposal and potential risks from transgenic plants. Future research should focus on field-scale validation, economic strategies to optimize phytoremediation, integration of multi-omics approaches, and innovative biotechnological applications to advance large-scale implementation.</p>

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Phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated sites: mechanisms, limitations and recent prospects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月11日

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  • Ilya Alliluev,
  • Tatiana Minkina,
  • Irshad Ahmad,
  • Saglara Mandzhieva,
  • Natalya Chernikova,
  • Victor Chaplygin,
  • Evgeniy Vechkanov,
  • Vishnu D. Rajput,
  • Ming Hung Wong

摘要

Soil is vital to safeguard the planet’s biological diversity and efficient use of natural resources. Heavy metals (HMs) accumulation in soil and their further bioaccumulation lead to significant deterioration of soil quality and a threat to the ecosystem. To mitigate HMs pollution, it is imperative to monitor timely at regular manner and develop measures to restore soil health. Phytoremediation is a natural strategy to remediate contaminated soil in a non-invasive, aesthetic and economically feasible way. The current review focuses on various phytoremediation methods in the remediation of soil contaminated with HMs, comprehensively examines the mechanisms underlying phytoremediation, emphasizing the roles of plant metal-binding substances such as metallothioneins, phytochelatins, and metal transport proteins in processes like vacuolar sequestration, transporter-mediated uptake, and antioxidant defense systems. In addition, the possibility of using experimental biotechnological approaches, including genetic engineering techniques, particularly CRISPR/Cas9-based modifications, involving the modification of metal-binding proteins to enhance the remediation potential of plants is also discussed. Despite its promise, phytoremediation faces challenges, including slow remediation rates, biomass disposal and potential risks from transgenic plants. Future research should focus on field-scale validation, economic strategies to optimize phytoremediation, integration of multi-omics approaches, and innovative biotechnological applications to advance large-scale implementation.