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<p>The physiological and biochemical changes that occur during pregnancy and lactation are essential for the immunological and nutritional support of the growing fetus and newborn. However, there is lack of literature evidences in understanding these changes in lactating women, especially the time required for it to return to the pre-pregnancy levels after end of breastfeeding. A systematic review was conducted as per the PRISMA guidelines. A total of 155 records were identified across the four databases. Upon screening, fifteen studies were eligible to include in the meta-analysis. The longitudinal investigations revealed that lactating women exhibited higher levels of hormone and biochemical indices, particularly bone metabolic indicators. However, the pooled analysis of biochemical and hormonal changes in post-lactating women have a trend toward pre-pregnancy level when compared to lactating women, the mean differeces (MD) were −&#xa0;0.27&#xa0;mg/dL in blood calcium, −&#xa0;0.65&#xa0;mg/dL in phosphorus, −&#xa0;28.04&#xa0;IU/L in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), −&#xa0;33.08&#xa0;ng/mL in prolactin, −&#xa0;9.86&#xa0;ng/mL in osteocalcin, and −&#xa0;8.15&#xa0;mg/dL in HDL-cholesterol. Although, there were no differnces in glucose, vitamin D, cortisol and lipid parameters between lactating and post-lactating women. This study underscores that the bone metabolic markers such as prolactin, osteocalcin, ALP, calcium, phosphorus as well as HDL-Cholesterol are higher in lactating women, and these changes begin to return gradually to prepregnancy levels in four weeks or more after cessation of breastfeeding.</p>

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Impact of Cessation of Lactation on Biochemical and Hormone Profiles, and the Time Frame Required for those Parameters to Return to Normal in Post-Lactating Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月9日

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  • Periyasamy Kuppusamy,
  • Muruganandam Nagarajan,
  • Nilesh Chandra,
  • Sasidharan Sivakumar,
  • Lipika Biswas,
  • Rehnuma Parvez,
  • Suresh Mangaiah

摘要

The physiological and biochemical changes that occur during pregnancy and lactation are essential for the immunological and nutritional support of the growing fetus and newborn. However, there is lack of literature evidences in understanding these changes in lactating women, especially the time required for it to return to the pre-pregnancy levels after end of breastfeeding. A systematic review was conducted as per the PRISMA guidelines. A total of 155 records were identified across the four databases. Upon screening, fifteen studies were eligible to include in the meta-analysis. The longitudinal investigations revealed that lactating women exhibited higher levels of hormone and biochemical indices, particularly bone metabolic indicators. However, the pooled analysis of biochemical and hormonal changes in post-lactating women have a trend toward pre-pregnancy level when compared to lactating women, the mean differeces (MD) were − 0.27 mg/dL in blood calcium, − 0.65 mg/dL in phosphorus, − 28.04 IU/L in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), − 33.08 ng/mL in prolactin, − 9.86 ng/mL in osteocalcin, and − 8.15 mg/dL in HDL-cholesterol. Although, there were no differnces in glucose, vitamin D, cortisol and lipid parameters between lactating and post-lactating women. This study underscores that the bone metabolic markers such as prolactin, osteocalcin, ALP, calcium, phosphorus as well as HDL-Cholesterol are higher in lactating women, and these changes begin to return gradually to prepregnancy levels in four weeks or more after cessation of breastfeeding.