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<p>Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is a life-threatening bone marrow failure syndrome characterized by immune-mediated destruction of hematopoietic stem cells, resulting in profound pancytopenia. Historically fatal, the disease is now manageable through advancements in immunosuppressive therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clinically, AA follows a bimodal distribution, peaking at ages 10–25 and over 60. Patients typically present with features of pallor, mucocutaneous hemorrhage, and infections. In very severe cases, traditional signs of infection like fever may be absent; clinicians must instead monitor for tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypotension.As a diagnosis of exclusion, AA requires the systematic ruling out of inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS), hypoplastic myelodysplastic syndromes (hMDS), and nutritional deficiencies. Severity is stratified using the Modified Camitta criteria into non-severe, severe (SAA), and very severe (VSAA) categories, which dictates the urgency and type of intervention. Accurate classification and rapid risk assessment remain essential to improving survival outcomes in this complex hematological disorder.</p>

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Clinical Features of Acquired Aplastic Anemia

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月4日

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  • Shailendra Prasad Verma,
  • Aritra Saha

摘要

Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is a life-threatening bone marrow failure syndrome characterized by immune-mediated destruction of hematopoietic stem cells, resulting in profound pancytopenia. Historically fatal, the disease is now manageable through advancements in immunosuppressive therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clinically, AA follows a bimodal distribution, peaking at ages 10–25 and over 60. Patients typically present with features of pallor, mucocutaneous hemorrhage, and infections. In very severe cases, traditional signs of infection like fever may be absent; clinicians must instead monitor for tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypotension.As a diagnosis of exclusion, AA requires the systematic ruling out of inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS), hypoplastic myelodysplastic syndromes (hMDS), and nutritional deficiencies. Severity is stratified using the Modified Camitta criteria into non-severe, severe (SAA), and very severe (VSAA) categories, which dictates the urgency and type of intervention. Accurate classification and rapid risk assessment remain essential to improving survival outcomes in this complex hematological disorder.