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<p>In high-density urban areas, mountain park soundscapes vary considerably due to road layout, terrain, and human activity. This study analyzed spatial soundscape variation across three central Dalian parks using sound pressure level (SPL) measurements, binaural recordings, and panoramic images from 17 points. These were used to create virtual reality experiences for 32 participants, generating 544 evaluations of the perceived dominance of sound sources, <i>Pleasantness</i> (<i>P</i><sub>ISO</sub>), and <i>Eventfulness</i> (<i>E</i><sub>ISO</sub>) across high (&gt;55 dBA), medium (45–55 dBA), and low (&lt;45 dBA) SPL zones. An XGBoost classification model identified soundscape characteristics per zone, and stepwise regression revealed how SPL alters the strength and direction of the relationship between dominant sound and <i>P</i><sub>ISO</sub>. Results showed a clear vertical SPL distribution with distinct soundscape profiles: High SPL zone was concentrated at the mountain base, characterized by dominant traffic noise, high <i>E</i><sub>ISO</sub> and low <i>P</i><sub>ISO</sub>. Meanwhile, Low SPL zone, found primarily in mid-mountain areas, offered high <i>P</i><sub>ISO</sub> due to minimal traffic noise perception. Medium SPL zone, located at the summit and other mid-mountain, was distinguished by prominent human sounds and achieved high <i>P</i><sub>ISO</sub>. Crucially, the influence of human sounds on <i>P</i><sub>ISO</sub> was context-dependent: human sounds enhanced <i>P</i><sub>ISO</sub> at the noisy base but detracted from it in the tranquil mid-mountain and summit. These results underscore the need for tailored, location-specific soundscape optimization strategies and provide a theoretical framework for planning and managing urban mountain parks.</p>

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Assessing the spatial variation of soundscape perception in high-density urban mountain parks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月12日

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  • Zhuangxiu Xie,
  • Xiaodong Lu,
  • Jianjun Ma,
  • Wanqi Tao,
  • Bin Xu,
  • Xiaohui Zhang,
  • Wei Zhang,
  • Peisheng Zhu,
  • Meng Xie

摘要

In high-density urban areas, mountain park soundscapes vary considerably due to road layout, terrain, and human activity. This study analyzed spatial soundscape variation across three central Dalian parks using sound pressure level (SPL) measurements, binaural recordings, and panoramic images from 17 points. These were used to create virtual reality experiences for 32 participants, generating 544 evaluations of the perceived dominance of sound sources, Pleasantness (PISO), and Eventfulness (EISO) across high (>55 dBA), medium (45–55 dBA), and low (<45 dBA) SPL zones. An XGBoost classification model identified soundscape characteristics per zone, and stepwise regression revealed how SPL alters the strength and direction of the relationship between dominant sound and PISO. Results showed a clear vertical SPL distribution with distinct soundscape profiles: High SPL zone was concentrated at the mountain base, characterized by dominant traffic noise, high EISO and low PISO. Meanwhile, Low SPL zone, found primarily in mid-mountain areas, offered high PISO due to minimal traffic noise perception. Medium SPL zone, located at the summit and other mid-mountain, was distinguished by prominent human sounds and achieved high PISO. Crucially, the influence of human sounds on PISO was context-dependent: human sounds enhanced PISO at the noisy base but detracted from it in the tranquil mid-mountain and summit. These results underscore the need for tailored, location-specific soundscape optimization strategies and provide a theoretical framework for planning and managing urban mountain parks.