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<p>Choline-free deep eutectic solvents (DESs) diluted to 50% v/v with water were developed as cosmetically compliant media for extracting quercetin from onion peel, an abundant agro-industrial waste. Twelve aqueous DES formulations were screened alongside 70% ethanol and a benchmark choline chloride:urea DES. Three aqueous DESs achieved the highest quercetin yields (up to 11.5&#xa0;mg/g), roughly threefold greater than 70% ethanol. Solvatochromic parameters and quercetin solubility were measured and incorporated into a multiple linear regression model that explained 82% of yield variance. Extracts from the top five aqueous DES exhibited robust antioxidant activities (ABTS up to 126&#xa0;mg AAE/g; FRAP up to 44.5&#xa0;mg AAE/g) and total phenolic contents, all exceeding those of 70% ethanol. In RAW 264.7 macrophages, four extracts prepared with aqueous DESs including betaine:urea (BU), urea:glycerol, sodium acetate:ethylene glycol, and sodium acetate:glycerol showed no cytotoxicity at ≤2.5% (v/v) and dose-dependent inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production, with BU delivering the strongest anti-inflammatory effect. Antimicrobial testing against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> revealed intrinsic bacteriostatic activity of the DESs and confirmed BU extract as most potent (MIC<sub>50</sub> = 1.6% v/v). These findings demonstrate that aqueous DES formulations not only outperform conventional solvents in quercetin recovery but also yield multifunctional extracts with potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities.</p>

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Choline-free deep eutectic solvent-mediated extraction of onion peel bioactives and their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月21日

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  • Dojin Kim,
  • Young-Hoo Kim,
  • Jeong Eun Cha,
  • Junhyuk Lee,
  • Sang Hyun Lee

摘要

Choline-free deep eutectic solvents (DESs) diluted to 50% v/v with water were developed as cosmetically compliant media for extracting quercetin from onion peel, an abundant agro-industrial waste. Twelve aqueous DES formulations were screened alongside 70% ethanol and a benchmark choline chloride:urea DES. Three aqueous DESs achieved the highest quercetin yields (up to 11.5 mg/g), roughly threefold greater than 70% ethanol. Solvatochromic parameters and quercetin solubility were measured and incorporated into a multiple linear regression model that explained 82% of yield variance. Extracts from the top five aqueous DES exhibited robust antioxidant activities (ABTS up to 126 mg AAE/g; FRAP up to 44.5 mg AAE/g) and total phenolic contents, all exceeding those of 70% ethanol. In RAW 264.7 macrophages, four extracts prepared with aqueous DESs including betaine:urea (BU), urea:glycerol, sodium acetate:ethylene glycol, and sodium acetate:glycerol showed no cytotoxicity at ≤2.5% (v/v) and dose-dependent inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production, with BU delivering the strongest anti-inflammatory effect. Antimicrobial testing against Staphylococcus aureus revealed intrinsic bacteriostatic activity of the DESs and confirmed BU extract as most potent (MIC50 = 1.6% v/v). These findings demonstrate that aqueous DES formulations not only outperform conventional solvents in quercetin recovery but also yield multifunctional extracts with potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities.