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Purpose <p>To comprehensively examine the current state of salivary biomarker research and its application in the early detection and monitoring of oral diseases (dental caries, periodontal diseases, oral cancer) and systemic conditions with oral manifestations. A secondary objective is to highlight recent technological and pharmaceutical innovations, particularly the role of nanotheranostics in developing and applying nanomedicine strategies for advanced theranostics (e.g., gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, stimuli-responsive hydrogels) to bridge salivary diagnostics with targeted therapeutics.</p> Method <p>A comprehensive review synthesizing literature on saliva’s composition (electrolytes, proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites), key biomarkers (cytokines IL-1β/IL-6/TNF-α, MMP-8/MMP-9, oxidative stress markers, microRNAs, extracellular vesicles), and technological advances (proteomics, genomics, microfluidics, lab-on-a-chip, AI). Pharmaceutical innovations, including nanoparticles (gold, magnetic, quantum dots, stimuli-responsive hydrogels), were also analyzed.</p> Results <p>Saliva enables painless, repeatable, point-of-care sampling. Identified biomarkers accurately reflect local oral and systemic health. Advanced technologies significantly improve diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Nanoparticle platforms enable ultrasensitive biomarker detection, bacterial preconcentration, and triggered localized drug delivery for periodontitis, endodontic infections, and oral cancer.</p> Conclusion <p>Salivary diagnostics offer a powerful, non-invasive alternative to traditional fluids. Integration of omics, microfluidics, AI, and nanotheranostics establishes a transformative paradigm that simultaneously detects disease and delivers targeted therapy, with strong potential for early intervention and personalized medicine.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Pharmaceutical Innovation in Salivary Biomarker Research: Transforming Oral Healthcare through Nanotechnology and Point-of-Care Systems: A Narrative Review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • Akram N. Salah,
  • Ahmed E. Elesawy,
  • Mohamed Bakr Zaki,
  • Ahmed I. Abulsoud,
  • Gharieb S. El-Sayyad,
  • Wagiha S. Elkalla,
  • Nehal I. Rizk,
  • Osama A. Mohammed,
  • Hend H. Mohamed,
  • Nourhan H. Elshami,
  • Asmaa A. Ibrahim,
  • Salma W. Elsayed,
  • Mona Alshahawey,
  • Marwa Yousry A. Mohamed,
  • Ahmed S. Doghish

摘要

Purpose

To comprehensively examine the current state of salivary biomarker research and its application in the early detection and monitoring of oral diseases (dental caries, periodontal diseases, oral cancer) and systemic conditions with oral manifestations. A secondary objective is to highlight recent technological and pharmaceutical innovations, particularly the role of nanotheranostics in developing and applying nanomedicine strategies for advanced theranostics (e.g., gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, stimuli-responsive hydrogels) to bridge salivary diagnostics with targeted therapeutics.

Method

A comprehensive review synthesizing literature on saliva’s composition (electrolytes, proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites), key biomarkers (cytokines IL-1β/IL-6/TNF-α, MMP-8/MMP-9, oxidative stress markers, microRNAs, extracellular vesicles), and technological advances (proteomics, genomics, microfluidics, lab-on-a-chip, AI). Pharmaceutical innovations, including nanoparticles (gold, magnetic, quantum dots, stimuli-responsive hydrogels), were also analyzed.

Results

Saliva enables painless, repeatable, point-of-care sampling. Identified biomarkers accurately reflect local oral and systemic health. Advanced technologies significantly improve diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Nanoparticle platforms enable ultrasensitive biomarker detection, bacterial preconcentration, and triggered localized drug delivery for periodontitis, endodontic infections, and oral cancer.

Conclusion

Salivary diagnostics offer a powerful, non-invasive alternative to traditional fluids. Integration of omics, microfluidics, AI, and nanotheranostics establishes a transformative paradigm that simultaneously detects disease and delivers targeted therapy, with strong potential for early intervention and personalized medicine.

Graphical Abstract