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Introduction <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading global health concern, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic agents. This study aimed to synthesize and evaluate the cardioprotective efficacy of novel selenium nanoparticles biofabricated with <i>Spirulina platensis</i> extract (SPE-SeNPs) against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial injury in mice.</p> Methods <p>SPE-SeNPs were synthesized, characterized (UV-Vis, HRTEM, DLS, FTIR), and its median lethal dose (LD₅₀) was determined. Mice were pretreated orally for 14 days with either native SPE (100&#xa0;mg/kg) or one of two doses of SPE-SeNPs (29.4 or 73.5&#xa0;mg/kg) prior to ISO (85&#xa0;mg/kg, s.c.)-induced cardiotoxicity. Cardioprotection was assessed by measuring plasma cardiac biomarkers (LDH, CK-MB, cTn-I, cTn-T, BNP), cardiac oxidative stress markers (GSH, SOD, MDA, CPK), inflammatory and apoptotic mediators (TNF-α, Bcl-2, Bax), gene expression of NLRP3 and VEGF, and histopathological examination of heart tissue.</p> Results <p>Characterization confirmed the successful formation of stable, spherical SPE-SeNPs (~ 95&#xa0;nm, zeta potential − 36.71 mV). The oral LD₅₀ was 1470&#xa0;mg/kg. ISO administration caused a significant (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) increase in all cardiac injury biomarkers and oxidative stress, which was markedly attenuated by SPE-SeNPs pretreatment. The nanoformulation significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) restored antioxidant levels (GSH, SOD), reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA), normalized the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, suppressed TNF-α, and downregulated NLRP3 and VEGF gene expression. Histopathological analysis confirmed a notable preservation of myocardial architecture in SPE-SeNPs-treated groups.</p> Discussion <p>The results demonstrate that SPE-SeNPs confer superior cardioprotection compared to the native extract. The enhanced efficacy is likely due to the nano formulation and a synergistic mechanism that attenuates oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation, the latter via downregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. A limitation of this study is the focus on a pretreatment model; future work should investigate the therapeutic effect post-injury induction.</p> Conclusion <p><i>S. platensis</i>-stabilized selenium nanoparticles represent a highly promising nano-phytotherapeutic strategy for mitigating oxidative stress-induced myocardial damage, primarily by enhancing antioxidant defenses and suppressing inflammatory and apoptotic pathways.</p>

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Cardioprotective Effects of Spirulina platensis-Stabilized Selenium Nanoparticles: Antioxidant Enhancement and Downregulation of NLRP3 and VEGF Expression

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Samah N. Badr,
  • Mohammed A. Hussein,
  • Elsayed H. Eltamany,
  • Nasser Y. Mostafa,
  • Ahmed O. Abbas

摘要

Introduction

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading global health concern, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic agents. This study aimed to synthesize and evaluate the cardioprotective efficacy of novel selenium nanoparticles biofabricated with Spirulina platensis extract (SPE-SeNPs) against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial injury in mice.

Methods

SPE-SeNPs were synthesized, characterized (UV-Vis, HRTEM, DLS, FTIR), and its median lethal dose (LD₅₀) was determined. Mice were pretreated orally for 14 days with either native SPE (100 mg/kg) or one of two doses of SPE-SeNPs (29.4 or 73.5 mg/kg) prior to ISO (85 mg/kg, s.c.)-induced cardiotoxicity. Cardioprotection was assessed by measuring plasma cardiac biomarkers (LDH, CK-MB, cTn-I, cTn-T, BNP), cardiac oxidative stress markers (GSH, SOD, MDA, CPK), inflammatory and apoptotic mediators (TNF-α, Bcl-2, Bax), gene expression of NLRP3 and VEGF, and histopathological examination of heart tissue.

Results

Characterization confirmed the successful formation of stable, spherical SPE-SeNPs (~ 95 nm, zeta potential − 36.71 mV). The oral LD₅₀ was 1470 mg/kg. ISO administration caused a significant (p < 0.001) increase in all cardiac injury biomarkers and oxidative stress, which was markedly attenuated by SPE-SeNPs pretreatment. The nanoformulation significantly (p < 0.001) restored antioxidant levels (GSH, SOD), reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA), normalized the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, suppressed TNF-α, and downregulated NLRP3 and VEGF gene expression. Histopathological analysis confirmed a notable preservation of myocardial architecture in SPE-SeNPs-treated groups.

Discussion

The results demonstrate that SPE-SeNPs confer superior cardioprotection compared to the native extract. The enhanced efficacy is likely due to the nano formulation and a synergistic mechanism that attenuates oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation, the latter via downregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. A limitation of this study is the focus on a pretreatment model; future work should investigate the therapeutic effect post-injury induction.

Conclusion

S. platensis-stabilized selenium nanoparticles represent a highly promising nano-phytotherapeutic strategy for mitigating oxidative stress-induced myocardial damage, primarily by enhancing antioxidant defenses and suppressing inflammatory and apoptotic pathways.