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<p>Ginsenoside Rg1, a major protopanaxatriol-type saponin derived from <i>Panax</i> species, exhibits diverse pharmacological activities including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardio protective, and immunomodulatory effects. However, its clinical translation is limited by poor membrane permeability, rapid metabolism, and restricted tissue distribution, particularly across the blood–brain barrier. Nanocarrier-based delivery systems have emerged as an effective strategy to overcome these limitations. Various platforms, including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), nanoemulsions, and polymeric nanoparticles, have demonstrated improved encapsulation efficiency, enhanced systemic exposure, and controlled drug release. Preclinical studies report encapsulation efficiencies ranging from approximately 45% to 92% and pharmacokinetic enhancement of up to 3.5-fold in area under the curve (AUC), depending on the carrier system. Among these, NLCs and lipid–polymer hybrid systems show superior performance in drug loading and pharmacokinetic profiles. Despite these advances, most evidence remains limited to in vitro and animal studies, with minimal clinical validation. This review provides a structured and critical evaluation of Rg1 nanocarriers, integrating formulation characteristics, pharmacokinetic behavior, and therapeutic outcomes, while highlighting key challenges related to scalability, reproducibility, and regulatory translation.</p>

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Ginsenoside Rg1 Nanocarriers: Emerging Trends and Therapeutic Opportunities

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • N. Afreen,
  • S. Nirenjen,
  • Rukaiah Fatma Begum,
  • Anuragh Singh,
  • Bhupendra G. Prajapati,
  • Singh S. Ankul,
  • S. Sridevi

摘要

Ginsenoside Rg1, a major protopanaxatriol-type saponin derived from Panax species, exhibits diverse pharmacological activities including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardio protective, and immunomodulatory effects. However, its clinical translation is limited by poor membrane permeability, rapid metabolism, and restricted tissue distribution, particularly across the blood–brain barrier. Nanocarrier-based delivery systems have emerged as an effective strategy to overcome these limitations. Various platforms, including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), nanoemulsions, and polymeric nanoparticles, have demonstrated improved encapsulation efficiency, enhanced systemic exposure, and controlled drug release. Preclinical studies report encapsulation efficiencies ranging from approximately 45% to 92% and pharmacokinetic enhancement of up to 3.5-fold in area under the curve (AUC), depending on the carrier system. Among these, NLCs and lipid–polymer hybrid systems show superior performance in drug loading and pharmacokinetic profiles. Despite these advances, most evidence remains limited to in vitro and animal studies, with minimal clinical validation. This review provides a structured and critical evaluation of Rg1 nanocarriers, integrating formulation characteristics, pharmacokinetic behavior, and therapeutic outcomes, while highlighting key challenges related to scalability, reproducibility, and regulatory translation.