Scholarlink

Purpose <p>Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and memory loss. Rivastigmine, a dual inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, is commonly used for symptomatic management of AD. However, its oral administration is associated with poor bioavailability and gastrointestinal side effects, limiting therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. This study aimed to develop a mucoadhesive gel formulation loaded with rivastigmine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for nasal and buccal delivery to enhance mucosal retention and provide controlled drug release.</p> Method <p>Rivastigmine-loaded SLNs were prepared and optimized using a central composite design. The formulation was characterized for particle size, entrapment efficiency, and zeta potential. <i>Moringa oleifera</i> mucilage was extracted and characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, and SEM analysis. The optimized SLNs were incorporated into a mucoadhesive gel, which was evaluated for physicochemical properties, morphology, in vitro drug release, mucoadhesion, ex vivo permeation (using goat nasal and buccal mucosa), and cytotoxicity.</p> Results <p>The optimized SLNs exhibited a mean particle size of approximately 265&#xa0;nm, entrapment efficiency ranging from 82% to 88%, and a zeta potential of − 28.1 mV. The developed gel demonstrated suitable pH, viscosity, spreadability, swelling behavior, and strong mucoadhesive strength. FTIR analysis confirmed compatibility between rivastigmine and formulation excipients, while SEM imaging revealed spherical and uniformly distributed nanoparticles. In vitro drug release followed a sustained, zero-order profile over 12&#xa0;h. Ex vivo studies showed prolonged mucosal retention (9–10&#xa0;h) and enhanced drug permeation, with slightly higher permeation observed through buccal mucosa compared to nasal mucosa. Cytotoxicity studies indicated a concentration-dependent increase in cytotoxic effect.</p> Conclusion <p>The developed rivastigmine-loaded SLN-based mucoadhesive gel incorporating natural <i>Moringa oleifera</i> mucilage represents a promising transmucosal delivery system for improving controlled release and mucosal residence time, potentially enhancing the therapeutic management of Alzheimer’s disease.</p>

错误：搜索内容不能为空，请输入英文关键词
错误：关键词超出字数限制，请精简
高级检索

Formulation and Characterization of Rivastigmine Nano Lipid Mucoadhesive Gel Using Moringa oleifera Mucilage for Alzheimer’s Disease

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月14日

查看全文
  • Bhaswati Das,
  • Marakanam Srinivasan Umashankar,
  • Inamul Hasan Madar

摘要

Purpose

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and memory loss. Rivastigmine, a dual inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, is commonly used for symptomatic management of AD. However, its oral administration is associated with poor bioavailability and gastrointestinal side effects, limiting therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. This study aimed to develop a mucoadhesive gel formulation loaded with rivastigmine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for nasal and buccal delivery to enhance mucosal retention and provide controlled drug release.

Method

Rivastigmine-loaded SLNs were prepared and optimized using a central composite design. The formulation was characterized for particle size, entrapment efficiency, and zeta potential. Moringa oleifera mucilage was extracted and characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, and SEM analysis. The optimized SLNs were incorporated into a mucoadhesive gel, which was evaluated for physicochemical properties, morphology, in vitro drug release, mucoadhesion, ex vivo permeation (using goat nasal and buccal mucosa), and cytotoxicity.

Results

The optimized SLNs exhibited a mean particle size of approximately 265 nm, entrapment efficiency ranging from 82% to 88%, and a zeta potential of − 28.1 mV. The developed gel demonstrated suitable pH, viscosity, spreadability, swelling behavior, and strong mucoadhesive strength. FTIR analysis confirmed compatibility between rivastigmine and formulation excipients, while SEM imaging revealed spherical and uniformly distributed nanoparticles. In vitro drug release followed a sustained, zero-order profile over 12 h. Ex vivo studies showed prolonged mucosal retention (9–10 h) and enhanced drug permeation, with slightly higher permeation observed through buccal mucosa compared to nasal mucosa. Cytotoxicity studies indicated a concentration-dependent increase in cytotoxic effect.

Conclusion

The developed rivastigmine-loaded SLN-based mucoadhesive gel incorporating natural Moringa oleifera mucilage represents a promising transmucosal delivery system for improving controlled release and mucosal residence time, potentially enhancing the therapeutic management of Alzheimer’s disease.