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<p>The present investigation examines the transdermal delivery of verapamil using hollow microneedles in a three-layered skin and two-compartment body model. The model aims to incorporate protein binding to the blood compartment and saturable, reversible binding to its specific receptors in the tissue compartment, as well as reversible kinetics across the blood-tissue compartments. A combined Marker and Cell (MAC) and Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) is used to solve the governing equations for the flow of interstitial fluid, the transport of verapamil in a two-dimensional irregular skin domain, and the concentrations in the blood and tissue compartments. The drug’s biochemical and biophysical interactions during transdermal distribution are more accurately shown by this combined numerical method. Simulations predict that when the tip at an interface significantly influences the subsequent bottom layer, the drug exchange between the papillary dermis and blood peaks when the tip is approximately centered in the papillary dermis. Our findings confirm that the thickness of the skin layers determines the MN length at which satisfactory efficacy can be attained. A thorough sensitivity analysis has been carried out to validate our primary conclusion regarding the optimal tip position.</p>

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Impact of Tip Position and Injection Velocity on Transdermal Drug Delivery through Microneedle in a Three-Layered Skin and its Retention in Tissue

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月14日

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  • Tanmoy Bhuimali,
  • Sarifuddin,
  • Prashanta Kumar Mandal

摘要

The present investigation examines the transdermal delivery of verapamil using hollow microneedles in a three-layered skin and two-compartment body model. The model aims to incorporate protein binding to the blood compartment and saturable, reversible binding to its specific receptors in the tissue compartment, as well as reversible kinetics across the blood-tissue compartments. A combined Marker and Cell (MAC) and Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) is used to solve the governing equations for the flow of interstitial fluid, the transport of verapamil in a two-dimensional irregular skin domain, and the concentrations in the blood and tissue compartments. The drug’s biochemical and biophysical interactions during transdermal distribution are more accurately shown by this combined numerical method. Simulations predict that when the tip at an interface significantly influences the subsequent bottom layer, the drug exchange between the papillary dermis and blood peaks when the tip is approximately centered in the papillary dermis. Our findings confirm that the thickness of the skin layers determines the MN length at which satisfactory efficacy can be attained. A thorough sensitivity analysis has been carried out to validate our primary conclusion regarding the optimal tip position.