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Purpose <p>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an approach for cancer treatment and microbial infections that depends on the light excitation of a photosensitizer with a high yield of reactive oxygen species. Consistent with sustainable development goals, <i>Adansonia digitata</i> leaf extract (ADLE) loaded in nanoemulsions from natural components (ADLE-NE) was investigated as a promising natural photosensitizer.</p> Methods <p>The generation of singlet oxygen by ADLE was monitored via a 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran assay. The in vitro cytotoxicity of ADLE and ADLE-NE was evaluated in normal HEK293 cells and cancerous A549 cells. The antimicrobial PDT of ADLE-NE was tested on methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. Confocal Laser Scanning microscope (CLSM) and double fluorescent staining were performed to visualize bacterial uptake and the effect of aPDT.</p> Results <p>The absorption of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran decreased by 97.8% after 40&#xa0;s of irradiation. The prepared ADLE-NE had a particle size of 289.37 ± 16.46&#xa0;nm, a PDI of 0.37 ± 0.02 and a zeta potential of − 35.28 ± 2.51 mV. ADLE-NE exhibited significant phototoxicity to cancer cells, with significant early apoptosis. The PDT of 10&#xa0;µg/ml ADLE or ADLE-NE on cancer cells showed 68.31 ± 14.53% and 48.71 ± 7.53% viability, respectively. The antimicrobial PDT of 10&#xa0;µg/ml ADLE-NE on MRSA and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> showed viabilities of 1.41 ± 0.84% and 32.61 ± 7.53%, respectively. CLSM revealed significant uptake from ADLE-NE with visible live/dead cells following aPDT.</p> Conclusion <p>These results suggest that ADLE is a promising photosensitizer for the photodynamic therapy of cancer and microbial infections, especially after loading in nanoemulsions.</p>

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Adansonia Digitata Leaf Extract Nanoemulsions for Chlorophyll-Based Photodynamic Therapy: A Novel Green Approach for Combating Cancer and Microbial Infection

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月14日

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  • Sarah Salah Thabet,
  • Shimaa Abdelhamid,
  • Maha Fadel,
  • Doaa Abdel Fadeel

摘要

Purpose

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an approach for cancer treatment and microbial infections that depends on the light excitation of a photosensitizer with a high yield of reactive oxygen species. Consistent with sustainable development goals, Adansonia digitata leaf extract (ADLE) loaded in nanoemulsions from natural components (ADLE-NE) was investigated as a promising natural photosensitizer.

Methods

The generation of singlet oxygen by ADLE was monitored via a 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran assay. The in vitro cytotoxicity of ADLE and ADLE-NE was evaluated in normal HEK293 cells and cancerous A549 cells. The antimicrobial PDT of ADLE-NE was tested on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Confocal Laser Scanning microscope (CLSM) and double fluorescent staining were performed to visualize bacterial uptake and the effect of aPDT.

Results

The absorption of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran decreased by 97.8% after 40 s of irradiation. The prepared ADLE-NE had a particle size of 289.37 ± 16.46 nm, a PDI of 0.37 ± 0.02 and a zeta potential of − 35.28 ± 2.51 mV. ADLE-NE exhibited significant phototoxicity to cancer cells, with significant early apoptosis. The PDT of 10 µg/ml ADLE or ADLE-NE on cancer cells showed 68.31 ± 14.53% and 48.71 ± 7.53% viability, respectively. The antimicrobial PDT of 10 µg/ml ADLE-NE on MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed viabilities of 1.41 ± 0.84% and 32.61 ± 7.53%, respectively. CLSM revealed significant uptake from ADLE-NE with visible live/dead cells following aPDT.

Conclusion

These results suggest that ADLE is a promising photosensitizer for the photodynamic therapy of cancer and microbial infections, especially after loading in nanoemulsions.