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Background <p>4D printing, an advanced evolution of additive manufacturing that incorporates time-dependent structural transformation, is gaining prominence as a powerful platform for designing responsive drug delivery systems. In oral therapeutics, a major challenge is achieving prolonged gastric retention to improve the bioavailability of drugs with narrow absorption windows or that are unstable in the intestinal milieu. Addressing this limitation, recent studies and technological advances have focused on 4D-printed systems capable of programmed morphological adaptation for controlled gastric retention.</p> Purpose <p>This review systematically evaluates recent patent filings on shape-transformable 4D-printed drug delivery devices for gastric applications.</p> Methods <p>It analyzes the current intellectual property landscape, emphasizing the diverse engineering strategies, polymer selections, and stimuli-responsive mechanisms proposed to create systems that unfold, expand, or transform in response to gastric conditions.</p> Results <p>The patents highlight innovative approaches that encompass bilayer constructs, stimuli-sensitive smart materials, and bioinspired configurations, such as origami and moisture-actuated designs. This review focuses on patented developments, capturing emerging technological directions and key trends that shape the 4D-printed gastric drug delivery domain. This approach provides insight into traditional design strategies, emerging technological trends, and commercialization-oriented innovations.</p> Conclusion <p>Additionally, it discusses ongoing challenges and prospective opportunities, encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration to overcome material, manufacturing, and regulatory hurdles. Overall, the review highlights the unique suitability of 4D printing for gastrointestinal applications, where intrinsic physiological triggers, such as pH, temperature, and gastric fluid, can be leveraged to achieve programmable, adaptive, and controlled drug delivery. As the field evolves, these patented innovations are expected to drive advancements toward personalized and precisely controlled oral drug delivery systems.</p>

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Shape-Morphing 4D Printing Technologies for Controlled Oral Drug Delivery: a Patent-Based Review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Ameeduzzafar Zafar,
  • Omar Awad Alsaidan,
  • Md Ali Mujtaba,
  • Mohammad Khalid,
  • Mohd Yasir

摘要

Background

4D printing, an advanced evolution of additive manufacturing that incorporates time-dependent structural transformation, is gaining prominence as a powerful platform for designing responsive drug delivery systems. In oral therapeutics, a major challenge is achieving prolonged gastric retention to improve the bioavailability of drugs with narrow absorption windows or that are unstable in the intestinal milieu. Addressing this limitation, recent studies and technological advances have focused on 4D-printed systems capable of programmed morphological adaptation for controlled gastric retention.

Purpose

This review systematically evaluates recent patent filings on shape-transformable 4D-printed drug delivery devices for gastric applications.

Methods

It analyzes the current intellectual property landscape, emphasizing the diverse engineering strategies, polymer selections, and stimuli-responsive mechanisms proposed to create systems that unfold, expand, or transform in response to gastric conditions.

Results

The patents highlight innovative approaches that encompass bilayer constructs, stimuli-sensitive smart materials, and bioinspired configurations, such as origami and moisture-actuated designs. This review focuses on patented developments, capturing emerging technological directions and key trends that shape the 4D-printed gastric drug delivery domain. This approach provides insight into traditional design strategies, emerging technological trends, and commercialization-oriented innovations.

Conclusion

Additionally, it discusses ongoing challenges and prospective opportunities, encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration to overcome material, manufacturing, and regulatory hurdles. Overall, the review highlights the unique suitability of 4D printing for gastrointestinal applications, where intrinsic physiological triggers, such as pH, temperature, and gastric fluid, can be leveraged to achieve programmable, adaptive, and controlled drug delivery. As the field evolves, these patented innovations are expected to drive advancements toward personalized and precisely controlled oral drug delivery systems.